War and the Integration of Ethical Principles under the Golden Rule Essay Example for Free

War and the Integration of Ethical Principles under the Golden manage EssayIn todays moral climate, where the sanctity of life is unappreciated, it is beauteous to say that the adoption of a comprehensive ethical approach to human interaction should be based on the golden regularization principle pick out by Thiroux. Many wars incur been fought throughout the history of time, and the taking of human life is almost universally a part of such conflicts. The Golden find oneself turn ups to be a catch-all principle that has the power to reduce the total amount of defile done to humanity for almost any reason that such pernicious actions might be ciphered. The Golden Rule seems inherently utilitarian, as it accords benefits (or the utilitarian good) to those whose rights be observed, as well as to those whose sense of morality is well-off in having acted according to this rule (by observing these rights). In fact, it is arguable that all other rules and principles that are cited by Thiroux hinge upon this particular rule, which (if observed) seems to be one that has the world power to improve the quality of life of all humans on the earth.Perhaps the most shameful of all human conflict kiboshs in war, and such conflicts are usually based on rivalries that involve land, retribution, or perceived threats to national security. These problems stem from such vices as greed or hubris, which are in orient conflict with the principles taught by the golden rule. In living ones life according to a rule that prevents one from performing actions that are in all likelihood to make another feel uncomfortable, several of these vices can be avoided.Greed, for example, involves the perpetual desire for and gathering of a particular commodity regardless of the resulting availability and handiness to others. A person who abides by the golden rule would consider tempering such desires once it appears that such a desire might impinge upon the imaginativenesss availa bility to others. Not just now is this kind, but it is in like manner fair. The principle of justice offers a similar view, which seeks to give to all persons what they are due.If individual(a)s consider themselves as being worthy of such rights as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, then those who live by the golden rule also consider this right to belong to others. right and justice would therefore grant these persons are right to their fair share of the resources available here on the earth. The justice inherent in the Golden Rule therefore demonstrates how it acts as parent to the principle of justice. This Golden Rule can be applied to the greed that is evinced when wars break out because of one countrys desire for more land space.This has been evident in many historical events. Thousands of years ago, the Trojan War demonstrated the Greeks desire to take over the dominion controlled by Troy Assyrians raided Middle Eastern tribes and countries in order to gain mor e territory the European settlers drove Native Americans from their lands in order to expand their own claims. The wars that resulted from these conflicts led to the death of many, and the displacement of many more.However, the application of the Golden Rule would have led to the raiders placing themselves in the billet of their victims, and they would have come to understand the un benignant nature of the victims suffering. The wars and deaths could on that ground have been avoided. Here it becomes obvious that the Golden Rule also contains the essence of the Principle of Goodness. This rule states that the promotion of goodness goes hand in hand with refraining from doing harm to others.When one places oneself in the shoes of others (according to the Golden Rule) it becomes abundantly clear whenever actions tend to do harm to others because of the discomfort one feels when considering the same action being performed upon oneself. When the reasons for which wars are fought are scr utinized, it is evident that the Principle of Goodness is being ignored, and this happens because people refrain from placing themselves in the shoes of others. The Golden Rules built-in principle of justice would help alleviate the problem of war.The Value of Life principle advocated by Thiroux can also be seen as an inherent concept existing within the Golden rule, and the application of this principle to war would also help alleviate this burden. The self-centeredness a great deal perceived in humans might be considered a natural trait, when one reflects that the life of every individual revolves inevitably around him-/herself. People consider their lives very important and worth doing almost anything to save. In other words, people generally value their own lives.If the Golden Rule is observed, then not only would people value their own lives, but they would also value the lives of others. This Value of Life principle, shown now to be inherent in the Gold Rule is in complete op position to the numerous wars that have been (and continue to be) fought on this planet. When people begin to observe the right of others to have life, they are in effect granting to those others a right that they deem extended to themselves. Such a right disallows fighting, malice, and killing for any reason. The Golden Rule also demonstrates its opposition to war in its ceremony of the Principle of separate Freedom.In the most literal sense, it opposes the regular practice of war that involves taking prisoners or even enslaving others. Capturing persons against their go out directly impinges upon their freedom, as it restricts their accomplishment and their performance of everyday actions such as bathing, eating, sleeping and conversing. If a person inclined to wage war operates by the Golden Rule, he or she will be inclined to refrain from capture, as he/she would not like to be captured in return. In addition to this literal aspect, war also impinges upon individual freedoms to live in the way they prefer.Living in a war zone restricts both movement and thought. Such persons are constantly worried or so whether or not they might be caught in the violence that surrounds them. This constant war imposed upon them forces them to constantly think of troubling things rather than on the pleasant or interesting thoughts that they would most prefer to have in mind, such as family, friends, aesthetics or love. These restrictions imposed by war encroach upon Individual Freedom, and are created by persons who do not consider these privileges (granted to them) as rights that should also be extended to other.Of course, war is a complex matter, and it is often the case that the persons who end up performing many of the unsavoury acts are those who are fighting against a previous (or current) threat/invasion. In this case, however, it can still be seen that the sign conflict is caused by those who neglect the principles of the Golden Rule. While at times people are actually forced into murderous or warlike actions that appear to conflict the Golden Rule, careful analysis will usually demonstrate that some disregard of the well-being of others lies at the root of these age-old conflicts.

What drove H&M to expand to China

What drove H&M to expand to ChinaFrom 1964, HM started its first expansion of the Europe in Norway, and therefore continued developing the European market in the following 30 year, such as UK, Denmark, Switzerland, Ger numerous and France. In recent years, HM was non content to anticipate in the European market, it entered US market in 2000, and Canadian market in 2004. Comparing with the period which it expand European market, HM has improved its animate of expansion faster and more effective in Asia market. It opened the first East Asian store in Hong Kong in 2007 and then(prenominal) it landed former(a) Asian countries quickly and successfully.According to Rolf Eriksen who is the CEO of HM, We are very proud to open our first store in East Asia, in Hong Kong. China is a strategic and exciting market with great fashion awareness and spending power. We therefore see a vast potential for expansion. We are convinced that we can head our Hong Kong customers added value through f ashion and feeling at the best price. (HM, 2007a).Fashion has become essential elements in nations daily lives. HM is the top leader in the Fashion area. This paper evaluates what drive HM to expand to China since 2007 and how the expansion leads HM to change their strategy using PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis. HM is a new member to the Chinese Market this paper will evaluate whether HM enter Chinese market is a good choice and whether they study good strategy to deal with the new market. The first part is background and outline second part is PESTEL analysis third part is S.W.O.T analysis then is the recommendations final part is conclusion.Pestel AnalysisPoliticalChina has gone through many guesss on the central marketing philosophy, Chinese regime has changed many policies to retract overseas investing. In the past, FTC (Foreign Trade Corporation), which is a government organization for the particular goods to be exported, is the only way to export commodities to China in the directly method. afterward Chinese government canceled the closed distribution system and joined to WTO in 2001, many commodities could be exported to the Chinese market. That is a real free market to beam what are the real market needs rather than the government control and provide goods which they decided for sight. This movement do the living standards of most population in China has a great improved and people lease more freedom of choice. Today, China stays at a stable political situation. Chinese Government always attach importance of foreign investment and welcomes foreign investment in China, it also has made unremitting efforts to improve the investment environment, shelter the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. (China.com, 2004).It is the good chance to enter the Chinese market, because HM can use the preferential policies which given by Chinese government to pass their profit maximization in China. Chinese government collects low tax on f oreign enterprises and offer many preferential tax policies to encourage the investment by foreign enterprises. For character The income tax on foreign enterprises is collected at the rate of 33 percent. If the foreign enterprises located in a extra economic zone, it will be collected at the rate of 15 percent (China.com, 2004).EconomicChina has become one of the fastest-growing economies in the area since the Chinese economic reforms in 1979. From 1979 to 2007, the GDP of China keeps a stable increase at an reasonable annual rate of 9%. Many economists predicted that if Chinese government continue and deepen the reforms of economic, especially on SOEs (state-owned enterprises) and state banking system which are poor efficiency, China will become the largest economic hoidenish in the ball in the years to come (Wayne, 2007). Commerce still plays an important role in the Chinese scrimping. The total value of import and export has increased speedily from $20.4 billion in 1978 t o $2.173 trillion in 2007. Thereinto, exports grew to $1.217 trillion and imports rose to $0.956 trillion, engendering a $261 billion trade surplus. From 1979 to 2007 the mediocre annual growth of export is 18.1%, while the average annual growth of export is 16.7% (Wayne, 2007). Nowadays, China has become the fourth-largest trading economy after the United States, Japan and Germany. Chinas trade boom is largely as a result of large inflows of foreign investment which is accounted for over half of Chinas trade.The financial crisis which started at spring of 2007 is the biggest problem that HM was facing. If HM want to pass the financial crisis, enter the Chinese market is the best way because with continuing fast increase on Chinese economy, the potential of Chinese market is enormous. When the global economy grows slowly, particularly, some developed countries are still in a sluggish status such as the United States and Japan, in these market HM have to use promotions and discount s to attract customers. While, Chinese government keep a strong rising momentum by the further opening up which creates a fast economic environment for foreign investment, HM took this occasion into the Chinese market and changed their strategy. Through their marketing strategy still is offer fashion and quality at the best price, however, the best price has the dissimilar meaning in Chinese market and other markets. In other countries, the most of target consumers in HM is lower class and middle lower class. Before the first HMs store open in Shanghai, there was a queue more than 500 people and most of them are office workers which belong to middle upper class in China. In addition, HM has got a highest sales volume about $7000,000 a day in China during the financial crisis (Businessweek. 2007).SocialChina, which is the fourth largest country, has a large population of 1.4 billion people and will be the largest economy of the world in the future. If you stand in some metropolis s uch as Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong, you will find that it has not any difference from the city in the developed country. A large number of cars run on the road, people wearing Adidas shoes and Calvin Klein t-shirt are busy in the streets, eating KFC and drinking Coca Cola as a lunch. In the evening, people go to the bars where play the American music and serve German beer. These facts often made the foreign think that the foreign products and its influence will be easy to accept by Chinese. Actually, most of Chinese still keep their traditional usage and thinking methods. If the foreign enterprise wants to be accepted by Chinese market they should think twice and research the local glossiness.Whether the companys culture will be able to accept in the new environment which is not a biggest problem only for HM, but also for many business. For this part, HM should consider many problems, this is determining by the flexibility and the philosophy of the company. HM should consider whether the culture of this new environment can accept its new culture. And it should consider different religions and different trendy, whether the product will attract customers. If HM is not acceptable, they should change their strategy to enter Chinese market. However, Chinese market accepted HM because Chinese are globalization and western day by day. The most important fact is HM culture is consistent with Chinese consumer psychology. That is Offer quality and fashion at the best price (Lisa, 2008).TechnologyTelecommunication has march on since 1990. Today, China has a high subscriber rate of the media, such as TV and internet has been prevalent in every family.EnvironmentalEnvironment is a main issue in China. Green trade barrier appear in China in the end of twentieth century. It causes terrible effects on the trade of import and export in China. However, Chinese government has begun to manage the environment pollution. When they learn advanced technology of Europe, the United States and other developed countries, they learn the development policy and environmental standards of foreign environmental industry, and they also learn advanced management methods and policies of foreign enterprises. On the environmental issues, Chinese government combined prevention with control, made strict environmental, increased investment of environmental technology and promoted the development of environmental technology and industry. By the end of 2005, the quality of environment has improved and total emissions of major pollutants have reduced 10% comparing with 2000.In this aspect, HM set an example for many Chinese enterprises. HM promotes environmental awareness between their suppliers and employees. They adopted new technologies to use the resources as efficient as possible that could minimize waste. HM respect the decisions which be made by nature. HM adhere to use organic cotton which grow in the traditional environment without any chemical (HM, 2007b).Lega lHM is a Swedish clothing company, which is familiar with Swedish laws and Europe Lows which have many differences with Chinese laws. After HM entering Chinese market, they had to adapt to Chinese laws in order to get their license, then they sell in Chinese market. Chinese government will continue to confirm that whether HM follows the Chinese laws. If they do not follow the Chinese laws their licenses will be taken away. That means HM has to change a few differences from other country on their strategy and operation methods in China.S.W.O.T AnalysisStrengthsOffer fashion and quality at the best price is the main reason why HM is so popular. It sells quality clothing with a low price. Through the prices of its items in Chinese market is not quite low for Chinese. However, it proves they still have blank shell to lower their price to attract Chinese people.Products yield cycle. HM can only take 12 weeks to obtain the items from the design state to the sell state. The average time f or other retailers is about 6 months which is 2 times time of HM. (Bruno,2007)They ask many guest designers to design for their product to keep their scratchs fresh and upgrade their spot image. Most of guest designer are famous designer, the rest are famous stars, such as Madonna, who designed a limited edition called M by Madonna. This limited series made the HM sales increased 17% in March, 2007.HM has many successful experiences of overseas expansion. They expanded the Unite State, Canada and many other Europe countries. Through China is their first step into East Asia, there may be many different culture value, they still can learn from the successful experience.Before HM went into the Chinese market, they had the production base in the Shanghai and Hong Kong and they has had many year experience of cooperation with these supplies.WeaknessesOverstocking of goods is troublesome problem for all retailers.They has sell their products in a low price, if they could not sell thei r products as quickly as they canthat means there is not room for the new collection (EMCC, 2004).They will foucs maybe too narrow.Chinese culture could not accept western culture on some parts.OpportunitiesChinese Market Entry could diversify potential into relevant market segment.Chinese Market could be a distribution channel for seeking new products.HM can promote blemish level via entering Chinese market because their products are sold to middle upper class in China, they has increased their brand level in China Then they can increase their brand level gradually around the world Finally, their value that Offer fashion and quality at the best price will be achieved.ThreatsFrom HMs old competitor such as ZARA and GAP. ZARA entered the Chinese market earlier than HM. Zara is famous with its quick production cycles. It can only take 2 weeks for the design to a sell state. Even if HM reduce 50% production time, they still cannot compete with ZARA. Since H M has entered the Chinese M arket, many of its old competitors all entered Chinese Market after HM.From the local brand. If we say HM to some extent copied the top brand in the world, after it entered the Chinese Market, it will become the copied object.RecommendationHM should continue innovating in making clothing which can make them be wellhead known around the world.HM should improve their brand level. In some extent, best price always be seem low price. They should change their brand image in peoples mind to obtain the real best price.Because China has get a high subscribers rate of internet, HM should open the online shop in China. Now, HM has opened 33 shops in China, most of these stores open in the core city of China, there are many people they have qualification to consume HM but they could not buy it because they live in different city, they need to ask friend or pay money to psyche who live in the core city to buy the products. Why does HM not set up their own online shop which is easy for all pe ople to consume in HM in China.ConclusionThrough above discussion, we can see from PESTEL analysis the extend factors has attraction to HM to enter Chinese market and change their strategies in some extent. We get the result from S.W.O.T analysis, the strengthes of HM enter Chinese market are over the weakness. HM have chance to enhance their brand level in Chinese market, however, there are many threats or competitors HM should be care. Overall, Chinese market entry is a good chance for HM.ReferenceBruno,Z. (2007). Critical Success Factors for International Fashion Retailers Entering Foreign Markets. FIBRESTEXTILES in Eastern Europe October/December 2007, Vol.15.Businessweek. (2007). Swedens HM Lands in China. online. Available at http//www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2007/gb20070508_735792.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_global+business.China.com.(2004).What are the preferential policies offered to enterprises with foreign investment? online. Available athttp//english.c hina.com/zh_cn/business/faq/11024764/20041015/11917364.htmlEMCC. (2004) Industrial change in the textiles and leather sector Hennes Mauritz. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions 2004.HM. (2007a). HM OPENS FIRST STORE IN EAST ASIA. online. Available athttp//www.hm.com/us/press/pressreleases/__prfinance.nhtml?pressreleaseid=263905HM. (2007b). HMs environmental objectives and sustainability policy. online. Available athttp//www.hm.com/us/corporateresponsibility/environment__environment.nhtmlLisa,B (2008) HMs Magnus Olsson Swede success. online. Available athttp//www.retail-week.com/hms-magnus-olsson-swede-success/1911483.articleRaphael,M. (2008) HM and INDITEXS global expansion strategy. THE RETAIL DIGEST.Rupert, W.(2010) New Look aims to reprize HM success abroad . online. Available athttp//uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6142TX20100205Wayne M .(2007).Chinas Economic Conditions.

Customer Satisfaction Towards Online Shopping

Customer Satisfaction Towards Online ShoppingCustomer pleasure is the horizontal surface to which node expectations of a product or redevelopment atomic number 18 met or exceeded. It is seen as a key per frameance indicator within clientele. In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for nodes, node joy is seen as a key dissimilariator and increasingly has mystify a key element of business strategy.In the era of globalization electronic marketing is a great revolution. Over the last decade maximum business organizations argon running with skilful change. Online let on or marketing is the use of technology for better marketing performance. And retailers are devising strategies to meet the demand of online shoppers they are busy in canvass consumer behavior in the field of online shop, to see the consumer attitudes towards online shop. Therefore we piddle also decided to check the factors that affect MMU students satisfaction of their online shopping provide r. interrogation BackgroundOnline shopping is basic eithery a process of selling and buying of goods and service on World Wide Web. As (Forsythe and Shi, 2003) explains meshing shopping has become the fastest-growing use of the Internet approximately online consumers, however, use information ga in that locationd online to make secures off-line.According to a report (ACNielsen Report on Global Consumer Attitudes towards Online Shopping, 2005) published on www.acnielsen.com, oneness one-tenth of the world population is shopping online , till October 2005, 627 million people have done online shopping , and according to the same report Germans and British are on the top of the list on Online Shopping. Additionally in the report published, it was con firmlyed that products most purchased online included books fol imprinted by DVDs, videos, games and Plane Reservations, with credit card game world the most sought method of payments for the purchases make regarding the items offere d for purchase online.So m either countries all over the world pour millions of dollars into online shopping as a means to purchase goods and serve finished the internet. The improving use of the internet has provided for fast purchase of online services as this is evident in the rapid growing internet employ activity all over Europe, with Sweden being ranked one of the high heels in Internet Usage and online Shopping in Europe coming in ninth with Japan and USA following in close competition (ACNielsen Report on Global Consumer Attitudes towards Online Shopping, 2005).During 1994, Netscape introduced SSL encryption method for data transformation online through the wind vane, which became so serious for secure online shopping. The first online shopping system was introduced by a German Company called Intershop in 1994. Follow by Amazon in 1995 and eBay in 1996.Online shopping has been getting famous since the last few years after the internet was being widely used. It began to appeal to a liberalr itemise of consumers as it gradually evolved to serve and satisfy millions of people from all over the world. Consequently, e-commerce industry has seen rapid growth.An online consumer or online seller must at least have one electronic gadget to access to the internet. Online banking system had been launched before the era of online shopping. Therefore, online banking system made online shopping much convenient. Hence, payment can be made in several forms such as cheques, debit card, electronic money or various types, cash deposit using ATM machine, gift cards and etc.Problem StatementThe online retail industry is going the new era of competition. These online shopping provider need to differentiate themselves from others and present it easily to become the one of the market leader in online retails industry. Competition has become much aggressive among these companies, therefore it is important for companies to figure turn place the factors that affects M MU students satisfaction towards their online shopping providers.Research ObjectiveThe office of this enquiry is to analyze and identify the overall attitude towards online shopping and the key factors that influences MMU students satisfaction of their online shopping providers.Significance of StudyThe online retail is undergoing melodramatic changes. This train exit provide insights of the factors that affect the MMU students satisfaction of their online shopping provider. In other words it leave alone indicate the consumer behavior in the competitive market. This enquiry can contribute to the society and country.The result of this research go out be beneficial for the online shopping provider to serve as a guideline in implementing their business strategy. With the information, the online shopping providers will be able to design packages that are satisfying consumers. They can also improve their company performance as well as to maintain their market share. This research i s important be spring it can outline what are the factors that are affecting the MMU students satisfaction of their online shopping provider.Also, this research able to provides the factors that incur the satisfaction level. When online shopping provider understand what is the wants and needs of the consumer. Thus, it helps to reduce their cost in research and development. By then, online shopping provider can focus to increment their product features or smell that serves to the consumers.Through this study, online shopping provider can focus on what is the best business quality and services to consumers in erect to maintain their life long relationship to create maximum life clipping value to the company itself.Before taking any actions to change the satisfaction level, the most crucial thing is to understand what factors influence customer satisfaction, and then try to make improvements in these critical areas so that they can have more satisfied and loyal customers.Scope of the StudyThis research is particularly interested in investigating customer satisfaction level. This composing is tending to find out what are the factors that affecting MMU students satisfaction of online shopping provider through this study. All respondents are assumed to have online shopping knowledge. There are many factors that cause the different satisfaction level of their online shopping provider.1.7 Operational Definition1.7.1 Online ShoppingOnline shopping or online retailing is a form of electronic commerce allowing consumers to at one time buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet without an intermediary service. An online shop, e-shop, e- line, Internet shop, network-shop, web-store, online store, or virtual store extorts the analogy of purchase goods or services at a retails stores or shopping center.1.7.2 ConvenienceOnline retail store are support the available for 24 hour 7days a week. This is a means by retailers and wholesalers to provide customers w ith a really(prenominal) convenient course to be able to do all the shopping from one spot or by just a mouse click.1.7.3 User friendly web features and designsOnline web stores need to be user friendly and easy to navigate, these being very vital influencing factors of online shopping website designs, privacy or confidentiality, website reliability, navigation, and website customer services incorporated with the website security are the most attractive features which influence the perception of consumers to buy goods and services online.1.7.4 Time SavingWith the rapid development of the World Wide Web online shopping has come to be the most sought means to purchase goods and services at the convenience for the customers as it saves time whereby being an important influencing factor towards online shopping. Browsing through the internet or searching through online catalogues can be time saving as one needs not to move from place to place and less feat is put into shopping, thus less effort is required and only patience becomes vital during the shopping process.1.7.5 SecuritySecurity issues which is involved in keeping the information safe and accurate.1.8 Organizational of ResearchThese research papers are categories into five chapters.Chapter 1 IntroductionIn this chapter is all about the overall question and the relevant topic are being carried out for discussion. There are includes the objectives and the problem statement of this study. Besides that, the explanations of who is gaining benefits from this study are included. further, to prevent the confusion and misunderstanding of the reader those important terms are intelligibly defined.Chapter 2 Literature ReviewIn this chapter cite those relevant studies associate to this research. The dependent and unaffiliated variables will then be identified and use as a basis to build the supposititious manikin and hypotheses development. In the other hand the arguments and opinions from different authors are add in for the purpose to support the study need out.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyIn this chapter the theoretical framework and guess of study will be stated. Theoretical framework shows the relationship in the midst of variables. adjacent, by identify the relationship those testable hypotheses are formed base .Moreover all these hypothesis are been use to examine whether the framework is in effect by using appropriate statistical analysis. The research instrument, sample size, source of data and the statistical data to be used in the study are discussed.Chapter 4 Research Findings and DiscussionThis chapter will present the results and discussion based on the data analyzed.Chapter 5 ConclusionIn this chapter we will review the entire research from the introduction, the main details and the justification on the hypothesis constructed in the study and well as a brief look into the findings obtained from the hypothesis. The limitation and implication of the study will also b e presented.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 OverviewThere are few causes that influencing the customer satisfaction from their online shopping provider due to the ever-changing preferences and satisfaction toward the demand and services provided .However the literature review of the factors will be discussed as below.2.2 Dependent Variable2.2.1 Customer SatisfactionCustomer satisfaction is an output, resulting from the customers pre-purchase semblance of expected performance with perceived actual performance and incurred cost (Churchill and Surprenant, 1982). According to Vance Christensen (2006), customer satisfaction is very different from customer loyalty.One is a requirement to do business the other is the basis for sustained profitability and growth. It is believe that satisfied customers will lead to their loyalty and improve revenues. Customer loyalty is the power point of a customer staying with a specific vendor or brand. If the customer is satisfied with the firms produ cts or services, it eventually will help the firm to increase its customer loyalty. In other words, high customer satisfaction lead to high customer loyalty while low customer satisfaction lead to low customer loyalty.Customer satisfaction is a measure of expectations being exceeded, met, or not met. Besides, when thinking of customer satisfaction measurement, the firm wanted to know whether the firm is meeting or exceeding customer expectations.The marketing literature suggests that customer satisfaction operates in two different ways transaction-specific and general-overall (Yi, 1991). Transaction-specific concept concerns customer satisfaction as the assessment made after a specific purchase occasion. Besides, it may also provide specific diagnostic information about a particular product or service encounter. General-overall satisfaction refers to the customers rating of the brand, based on all encounters and experiences (Johnson and Fornell, 1991). It can be viewed as a function of all previous transaction-specific satisfactions (Jones and Suh, 2000). Overall satisfaction is a more fundamental indicator of the firms past, current and future performance (Anderson et al., 1994). This is because customers make repurchase evaluations and decision based on their purchase and consumption experience to date, not just on a particular transaction or episode (Johnson et al., 2001, p.219). Many other studies (eg. Gronholdt et al., 2000 Kristensen et al., 2000 Gerpott et al., 2001 Sharma,2003 Bruhn and Grund, 2000) have shown that customer satisfaction positively affected loyalty.2.3 Independent Variables2.3.1 ConvenienceIt is an investment or a cost when consumers spending their time making purchases. It takes quite a green goddess of time for a consumer to make purchases from shop to shop, thus online shopping helps to save a lot of their precious time and effort. The time spent revives a very important role in consumer perceptions especially the time used for sho pping. Bitner, 1990 Taylor, 1994 have pointed out that waiting created a negative impact on customer service satisfaction. Consumers time will be wasted a lot if have to keep waiting for such a long time and definitely will cause the consumers to have bad impressions to the seller or company. Time and energy saving are in the same concept (Brown, 1990). Time and effort play an important role because these two factors might affect consumers convenience during shopping. Online shopping definitely can help consumers to save time and effort in purchasing process by bringing a lot of convenience. Convenience factor refers that it is easy to browse or search the information through online is easier than the traditional retail shopping. Through online, consumers can easily search product catalog but if the consumer look generally for the same product or item in a traditional store manually it is difficult to visit physically and time consuming also. Convenience has always been a prime fact or for consumers to shop online. Darian (1987) mentioned that online shoppers carry multiple benefits in terms of convenience, such as less time consuming, flexibility, very less physical effort etc. Bhatnagar and Ghose (2004) claims that convenience as one of the most important advantage for engaging in online shopping. According to the Robinson, Riley, Rettie and Wilsonz (2007) the major motivation for online purchasing is convince in terms of shop at any time and having bundles of items delivered at door step.Rohm and Swaminathans (2004) claims in typology of online shoppers into Convenience shoppers, balanced buyers, variety seekers and store-oriented shoppers, based upon their preset shopping motivation. Rohm and Swaminathans (2004) findings about convenience and variety seeking are major make factors of online shopping and this study is consistent with Morganosky and Cudes (2000) research findings. Webchecks (1999) study shows that convenience factor is one of the biggest adv antages of online shopping. Through online purchase consumers can easily discriminate the price than the traditional purchase. So price comparison is also another convenience factor of online shopping.2.3.2 Website Design/FeaturesWeb site design of a web page is one of the most important factors that influence online shopping. Shergill and Chen, (2005) identified web site design characteristics as the dominant factor which influences customer satisfaction towards online purchasing.The quality of website design is very important for any online store to attract customers. Cho and Park (2001) have rig in their study that customer satisfaction in e-commerce is related to the quality of website design. According to Ranganathan and Grandon (2002), website design represents the way in which the content is arranged in the website.Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2003) argued that when customers interact with an online store they prefer to do so via a technical interface and not through any employe e. Therefore the design of the website, which acts as the interface, would play an important role in influencing customer satisfaction. Lee and Lin (2005) had empirically found that website design positively influences overall customer satisfaction and perceived service quality. Besides, Ranganathan and Ganapathy (2002) have empirically established that website design positively affects purchase intention.Kamariah and Salwani (2005) claims the higher(prenominal) website quality, the higher consumer intends to shop from internet. Web design quality has important impacts on consumer choice of electronic stores, stated by Liang and Lai (2000). Website design one of the important factor motivating consumers for online shopping. Almost 100,000 on-line shoppers surveyed by (Reibstein, 2000) shows that web site design was rated as important factor for online shopping. Another study conducted by Zhang, Dran, Small, and Barcellos (1999, 2000), and Zhang and Dran (2000) indicated that website design features of the website are important and influencing factors that leads consumers satisfaction and dissatisfaction with a specific website.A study conducted by Yasmin and Nik (2010) shows a significant relationship between online shopping activity and website features. Website design features can be considered as a motivational factor that can create positive or negative feelings with a website (Zhang, et al 1999). A study by Li and Zhang (2002), if website is designed with quality features it can guide the customers for successful transactions and attract the customers to revisit the website again. However, worse quality website features can also hamper online shopping. According to Liang and Lai (2000), web design quality or website features has direct impact on user to shop online.Moreover researchers such as Belanger, Hiller and Smith (2002) concluded that a large segment of internet users have serious concerns of security.2.3.3 Time SavingAccording to Rohm and Swaminat hans (2004), one possible explanation that online shopping saves time during the purchasing of goods and it can run through the traveling time required to go to the traditional store. On the other side, some respondent think that it is also time taken for delivery of goods or services over online shopping.To most consumers important attributes of online shopping are convenience and accessibility (Wolnbarger and Gilly, 2001) because consumers can shop on the Internet in the comfort of their central office environment, it saves time and effort, and they are able to shop any time of the day or night. Especially for consumers that, owing to their extended working hours, only have a small amount of free time, online shopping is an excellent opportunity. Thus, the situational factor time pressure has an attenuating impact on the relationship between attitude and consumers intention to shop online. Because the Internet is time saving and accessible 24 hours a day, this becomes the main d rive for online shopping and attitude toward Internet shopping is less important.Unexpectedly time saving is not the motivating factor for the consumers to shop online (Corbett, 2001) because it takes time receiving goods or delivery. But time saving factor can be seen through different dimensions i.e. person living in Florida can shop at Harods in London (through the web) in less time than it takes to visit the local Burdines department store (Alba et al. 1997, p. 41,emphasis added). Morganosky and Cude (2000) have concluded that time saving factor was reported to be primary reason among those consumers who have already experienced the online grocery buying. So the greatness of the time saving factor cannot be neglected as motivation behind online purchasing. Additionally Goldsmith and Bridges (2000) emphasize that there is a contrariety between online shopper and non online shoppers, online shoppers are more worried about convenience, time saving and selection whereas non online shoppers are worried about security, privacy and on time delivery. A study by Kamariah and Salwani (2005) shows higher website quality can highly influence customers to shop online.2.3.4 SecuritySecurity is another dominant factor which affects consumers to shop online. However many internet users avoid online shopping because of credit card fraud, privacy factors, non delivery risk, post purchase service and so on. But transaction security on the online shopping has received attention. Safe and secured transaction of money and credit card information increases trust and decreases transaction risk. In 1995, UK has introduced Fraud free electronic shopping and later on Europe and Singapore introduced secured electronic transaction (SET). According to Bhatnagar and Ghose (2004) Security is one of the attribute which limits buying on the web as they claim that there is a large segment of internet shoppers who dont like to buy online because of their thinking about the security of thei r sensitive information.Cuneyt and Gautam (2004) claims trust in the internet shopping with advanced technology, and frequent online shopping to the internet being secured as a trustworthy shopping channel.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThis chapter includes the research framework which identifies and helps explain the steps taken in investigating the research done. Discussion in this section will cover the research design and procedure, variables and measurement, data prayer method, questionnaire design and data analysis. The research instruments, sampling process and data analysis techniques also will be discussed in this chapter.3.1 Theoretical FrameworkBelow is the theoretical framework for the research paper. The dependent and independent variables are clearly identified. The customer satisfaction is the dependent variable the convenience, website design and features, time saving and security are been use for independent variables part.ConvenienceCustomer Satisfaction toward on line shopping providerWebsite design/featuresTime SavingSecurityThe dependent variable been analyzed for the purpose to get know the solution causes problem occurs. However, both variables are link either positive or negative relationship with each others.3.2 Hypothesis emergenceHypothesis is the sate used by marketing researcher about the population parameter (Burns and Bush 2005), using prior knowledge, assumptions or intuition to form an exact specification of what the population parameter value is. Once the variables have been identified, the independent and dependent variables are then established through logical reason in the theoretical framework. Then the next step is to examine the relationship formed and find out whether the facts are actually accurate.In Figure 2 are clearly explain the relationship between dependent variable and independent variable that influence the perception of consumer select online shopping provider .Moreover , based on the literature review and the theoretical framework ,the hypothesis are been formedH1 There is an association between convenience and customer satisfaction of their online shopping providerH2 There is an association between the website design/features and customer satisfaction of their online shopping providerH3 There is an association between time saving and customer satisfaction of their online shopping providerH4 There is an association between security and customer satisfaction of their online shopping provider3.3 Research DesignThe questionnaire design is reason in few choices. Students from MMU will be selected as our sample of study. Questionnaires are given to respondents via online and also in hardcopy form. All the respondents are given 15 proceeding to fill in the questionnaires. After this, students start collecting the data based on the questionnaires.3.4 Research InstrumentIn this study questionnaire method are been chooses as a tool for the purpose of collect the data.3.5 Sampling methodQuest ionnaire development is a rather important element in this research yet there are many limitation of setting the questions. Hence, questionnaire developed must be clear and avoid ambiguous questionsAs questionnaire need to appear in a reasonable sequence that could convinced the respondent and also increasingly gives the respondent confidence and trust in both the survey and the surveyor. Hence, questionnaire development process will start by identifying the related information used to develop the question such as the independent variable that had been identify in the earlier give of the research process. After that, it proceed by choosing the best out of the questions, so that this questionnaire can directly targeted towards the respondents behavior and perceptions of being a telecommunication users.The questionnaire is designed to roll out information on respondents demographic, their experience in using sprightly hand echos, their daily average expenditures, and their awarene ss with various available mobile phone services. The questionnaire is divided into two sections which is section A and section B. Section A measures the demographic variables and personal information towards their choosing behavior whereas, section B measures about the independent variables differently. The methods using for each section are discussed as belowA) Multiple Choice Questions In section A, the respondents personal basic background and perception toward the online shopping was appearing in this section. It consists of the respondents human ecology such as ethnicity, gender, race, age and usage of online shopping.B) Likert Scale Section B consists of questions concerned with the dependent variables towards online in the research clay sculpture such as convenience, website design/features, time saving, and security. The measurement of this research is based on Likert carapace which ranging from 1 to 5. Researchers Perez, Abad, Carrilo and Fernandez (2007) found that the L ikert scale to be effective in their research on the Effects of Service Quality Dimensions on Behavioral Purchase Intentions.Below is the rating scale format from really disagree to strongly agree12345Strongly disagreeDisagreeNeutralAgreeStrongly agree3.6 data accretion methodQuestionnaire3.5.1 Primary DataThe data been collected by using questionnaire method which is distributed to students in Multimedia University Melaka campus and the questionnaire is divided into two parts part A and part B. For part A of the questionnaire is focuses on the demographic background of the respondents For part B the questionnaire consists of certain questions all divided according to the relevant independent variables. Next , all the potential relevance variable are been covered in this survey questionnaire .In order to get better understanding 5 point scale are been applied in this questionnaire form to get know clearly what the respondent actual think about their personal preferences toward o nline shopping and to help to reduces the incredulity for the answer may be chooses by respondentsThis data is used as foundation reading materials to strengthen the understanding the topic research. The secondary data for this paper included journals, books, and article been chooses to provided a lot of insight for the creation of the literature review. In addition, secondary data provided for added credibility to the paper.Research Population and SampleThe MMU Melaka students will be represent the population for this research, there will be 200 questionnaire form are filled for the students in campus area of MMU .Those respondents are covered the students in all fields of education background offered by MMU Melaka who have been gone through the online shopping before . Also, the questionnaire was structured in such a way to ensure that the research objective and hypothesis of this research can be achieve .3.7 Data analysis methodOnce the all the 200 correct questionnaires are ga thered, the data analysis will be done according to the dissertation. Thus, all the data collected from respondents will be analyzed based on descriptive statistical analysis by using the SPSS software so as to obtain a more statistical analysis of the study. One of the strong points of SPSS is that it can perform almost any statistical analysis (Huizing 1994).Basic tests that were used in the beginning of analysis were checking for the central tendency and the dispersion of data. The mean, beat deviation, range and variance was used. There were preliminary tests done for all the sections.Descriptive Analysis the information obtained for the frequency distribution was from the first section of the questionnaire on the demography here a frequency table was used to explain it, with mean and standard deviation for some of the data being computed. This was done for the independent, moderator and dependent variables. The statisticsobtained are useful for describing the data, for example . In a study with large data, the outline statistics for the scale variables and measures of the data helps us to manage the data and present it in a summary table. For instance in a cricket match, player records are stored and compared with records of another player.Reliability Analysis a measurement is reliable if it reflects mostly true score, proportional to the error. The reliability of the scales is analyzed by using Cronbachs Alpha. An alpha above 0.70 is considered as reasonably reliable while an alpha scale above 0.80 is regarded as being perfect.Spearman rank order correlation measures the strength of association between ranked variable, whether the hypothesized variables are associates with customer satisfaction.Multiple regression analysis It is used to analyze a single dependent variable with two or more independent variables to test which variables is the most important lead to customer satisfaction in their mobile service provider.CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 IntroductionThe chapter is divided into three different parts which are descriptive analysis, reliability analysis and results of hypothesis testing.This chapter entails the detailed analysis of variables and also data which were distributed and gathered from the MMU students. Of all 200 questionnaires that were distributed, 200 copies of the completed survey were collected. All 200 surveys form were evaluated and screened for any imperfect or missing data. After checking through the questionnaires for uncompleted as well as unanswered questionnaires, 200 of them were found to be utilizable for the purpose of this research. Data is then analyzed and tabulated for simplicity and easy understanding of the research.4.2 Descriptive AnalysisIn this analysis, frequency analysis will be carried out to analyze the demographic aspects in the questionnaires. The 200 survey forms are measured demographically with regards toGender of respondentsAge group of respondentsNationality of respon dentsEthnicity of respondentsFaculty of respondentsCurrent year of respondentsRespondents do online shopping or notExperience of online shopping towards respondentsAmount of expense on online shopping towards respondentsAmount of shopping hours on online shopping in a week towards respondents4.2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC sexTable 4.2.1 GenderGenderFrequencyPercentage (%)Male9246.0Female10854.0

The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and the History of Its Development :: Evolution Science Biology Research Papers

The Modern evolutionary synthesis is combination of Darwinian evolutionary theory and Mendelian genetics. It is impossible to understand the theory and its importance to the scientific community unless one understands the history behind the theory.From 1902 to 1953 major publications in the areas of systematics, developmental biology, botany, state genetics, and paleontology sucessfully integrate Darwins four postulates and Mendelian genetics into a reformation of evolutionary theory. The new theory is referred to as the Modern Synthesis, Evolutionary Synthesis, or the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis. These legal injury can be used inter-changeably.Before one can understand the Modern Synthesis and this analysis there a few defintions that must be explained in order to grasp the concept, espically if a person is not familiar with biological terminology. This list of definitions does not have to be read fully just now is provided to refer to when a biological term is not understood. .. of course maybe not every term that isnt understood, but the majority.-Allele-one of a pair, or series, of alternative forms of a gene that occur at a given locus (location) in a chromosome.-Fitness-the number of offspring left by an individual, often compared with the average of the population or with some other standard, such as the number left by a ill-tempered genotype.-Gene-a hereditary determinant of a specific biological function a unit of inheritance (DNA) located in a fixed position on a chromosome.-Genotype-the genetic constitution (gene makeup) of a an organism.-Phenotype-The evident characteristics of an organism.-Chromosomes-darkly staining nucleotide bodies that are observed in cells during division. Each chromosome carries a linear array of genes.-Mutation-a change in DNA at a particular locations in an organism. The term is used loosely to include point mutations involving a single gene change as well as a chromosomal changes.-Variation-in biology, the oc currence of differences among individuals.-Taxon (plural Taxa)-any named root word of organisms.-Macroevolution-large evolutionary change ,usually in morphology typically refers to the evolution of differences among populations that would warrant their placement in different genera or higher-level taxa.-Microevolution-changes in a gene frequencies and trait distributions that occur within populations and species.-Inheritance-the hypothesis that phenotypic changes in the parental generations can be passed on intact, to the next generation.-Population-for sexual species, a group of interbreeding individuals and their offspring for asexual species, a group of individuals living in the same area.-Natural Selection-a difference, on average, between the survival or fecundity of

The Life of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Edgar Allan Poe Writers Authors E

The Life of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is considered to be the father of the light story by globey. Over the course of his life, he wrote hundreds of short stories and poems. His writing style is unique and influenced by the tragedies that occurred over the course of his life. In fact, he is most well cognize for writing morbid stories and gruesome, dismal poems. Indeed his writing habits were heavily influenced by his life. His life was full of depression, angst, and woe. Many of the people he managed for fell victim to vicious plagues and diseases. To cope with this pain, Edgar Allan Poe sought comfort in the bottom of a bottle. In his times of depression he would drink heavily and become sick for geezerhood at a time. In between his fits of alcoholism and depression, he wrote. When he wrote, he wrote well. Edgar Allan Poe led a life full of tragedy and troubled times. Although he kept an air of dignity and pride around him, he a lot felt very lonely and depressed. This feeling of desperation greatly influenced his unique and often morbid writing style. Edgar Allan Poe had very humble beginnings. Within the first three years of his life, he lost both of his parents and was separated from his siblings. Edgar Allan Poes parents had a solid ground that can be credited for his imagination and love of writing poems and short stories. His parents, David and Elizabeth Poe, were both actors and stage performers. Although poor, David and Elizabeth were well kn admit on the stage, and played as most-valuable characters in assorted plays including comedies and Shakespearean dramas. David Poe preferred to take on minor roles in plays, but was credited by critics as good nonetheless. Elizabeth scored many nothingness actress roles, but still the two only had enough money to live poorly. They were too poor to care for their firstborn son, William Henry Poe, and had to send him off to his grandparents who were to care for him. On January 19, 1809, Ed gar Poe was born. Edgars father was suffering heavily from alcoholism, and eventually left Elizabeth to care for her son alone. Elizabeth, however, was showing signs of tuberculosis and was pregnant with a third child. She was attempt to support her family by playing various theatrical roles for money. Soon she was too weak to continue acting. The owner of the theater company she worked for placed adds in newspapers to rais... ...aring, the man orders to bird to vacate his door and his life, and Take thy beak from out my heart. The bird does not leave and the poem ends describing how the birds looming shadow crushes the mans soul beneath it, trapping the man forever in a state of gloom and misery. So it was that Edgar Allan Poe led a life filled with misery, depression, loss, and heartbreak. He sought respect from his foster father and fame among his peers. But because of the ravages of alcohol, he drank all of his blessings away, and what he was left with, abandoned him. His life long dream was to own his own magazine but his lifelong financial problems kept the dream always just out of reach. He did however manage to become the father of the short story, and the first comprehensive detective story author. During his time, his literary works were overlooked or slandered by his many enemies. But now, to this day, Edgar Allan Poe is a household name. His works such(prenominal) as The Raven are known to almost everyone for their rhythmic meter and captivating emotions. The tragedies in Edgar Allan Poes life left him lovesick and depressed, and compelled him to write intimately tales of beauty, love, and loss.

Roger Williams :: essays research papers

Roger Williams ... A Brief BiographyDrypoint etching, 1936, by Arthur W. Heintzelman, commemorating the Tercentenary of the founding of Rhode Island by Roger Williams. Courtesy of Roger Williams University Archives.ROGER WILLIAMS was born in London, circa 1604, the news of James and Alice (Pemberton) Williams. James, the son of Mark and Agnes (Audley) Williams was a "merchant Tailor" (an importer and trader) and probably a man of some importance. His will, proved 19 November 1621, left, in addition to bequests to his " winsome wife, Alice," to his sons, Sydrach, Roger and Robert, and to his daughter Catherine, money and bread to the poor in various sections of London. The will of Alice (Pemberton) Williams was admitted to probate 26 January 1634. Among other bequests, she left the sum of Ten Pounds yearly for twenty years to her son, Roger Williams, "now beyond the seas." She further provided that if Roger predeceased her, "what remaineth thereof unpaid ... shall be paid to his wife and daughter...." Obviously, by the time of her death, Rogers mother was aware of the birth in America in 1633 of her grandchild, Mary Williams. Rogers youth was spent in the parish of "St. Sepulchres, without Newgate, London." While a young man, he must have been aware of the numerous burnings at the stake that had taken place at nearby Smithfield of so-called Puritans or heretics. This probably influenced his later strong beliefs in civic and religious liberty. During his teens, Roger Williams came to the attention of Sir Edward Coke, a brilliant lawyer and one-time Chief Justice of England, through whose influence he was enrolled at Suttons Hospital, a part of Charter House, a school in London. He next entered Pembroke College at Cambridge University from which he graduated in 1627. All of the literature currently available at Pembroke to prospective students mentions Roger Williams, his part in the Reformation, and his founding of the settlement of Rhode Island. At Pembroke, he was one of eight granted scholarships based on excellence in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Pembroke College in Providence, once the womens college of Brown University, was named after Pembroke at Cambridge in honor of Roger Williams. In the years after he left Cambridge, Roger Williams was Chaplain to a wealthy family, and on 15 December 1629, he married bloody shame BARNARD at the Church of High Laver, Essex, England. Even at this time, he became a controversial figure because of his ideas on freedom of worship.

Nuclear Power Plant :: essays research papers

New form of Energy for CapetownCapetown is considered to be the largest city in South Africa, having a population of over 2,727,000 inhabits. The energy form utilize in Capetown at the moment, is Gas Turbine, wich provides most of the citys electricity. The use of electricity in Capetown is very low compared to western countries, for example there is provided one TV for almost ten people, the energy consumption per inhabit a year is about 4000 kWh, wich is 2550 kWh less than the energy consumption per inhabit a year in Paris, France.Our plan is to built the most effective, cheap also inviromentaly friendliest way to produce energy for the 1 575 000 inhabits of Capetown, we came to the solution BUILT A nuclear POWER PLANT. ?Picture of Loviisa, Nuclear billet fixWe explain our solution by the following facts?If we built other forms of plants we would need3Coal power plants or12Hydro power plants or7Gas turbine power plants or173Solar power plants or4792Wind power plants.but we st ill need one nuclear power plant to provide enough electricity for 1 575 000 people. Inviromental facts that concerned usA nuclear power plant may sound nasty and dangerous, from the naturistic point of view, but that is not a fact. A very good example of this is, the amount of fuel that a 900 MW nuclear power plant take, wich is about one van of uranium per year, but a coal power plant with same capacity needs about 140 tons of coal per hour, and it also polutes the air by carbon dioxide wich is released when coals stored energy is been transformed into heat energy. The carbon dioxide wich is been released in the prosess causes greenhouse effect, wich is the main cause of increased temperature of world. A hydro power plant does not need fuel, but it polutes the sights of a beautiful current river, because of it size, sometimes self-coloured villages have to be moved from the reservoir area, it also effects the biosystem of both up-and down stream for quite a long distance from th e location of the dam. A wind power plant is a good solution but it needs space, even one turbine needs about 100x100m space to work properly, if a malfunction appears in the turbine, it can fall down or the blades might break, and fly for thousands of meters. The industry producing the turbines polutes the inviroment, The turbines also cause some problems in TV and radio receiver links.