Huntington Theory †Military Professional Essay

Scholars like Kaplan, Friedman, Huntington and Barnett have postulated various theories on military service. Samuel P Huntington is one of the scholars who have postulated theories of military service. His theory is also referred to as the normal theory. This paper seeks to show how Huntington’s theory impacts on one’s future in military service. Discussion Owen M (2010) gives credit to Samuel Huntington for his role in developing the normal theory. Owen points out that through this theory Huntington endeavored to solve the dilemma of â€Å"how to guarantee civilian control of the military while still ensuring the ability of the uniformed military to provide security. † Huntington cited in Owen (2010) says the solution to this dilemma lies in â€Å"a mechanism for creating and maintaining a professional, apolitical military establishment, which he called â€Å"objective control. In this regard, Huntington cited in Williams (1995), says the community should have control over the military and army professionals should be denied some of the privileges enjoyed by civilians like political affiliations. Politics is a game of numbers, in my view, this may disadvantage military officers who harbour ambitious of venturing in politics because they are denied involvement in political parties affairs. This impacts negatively on their popularity with the voters. However, there are those candidates such as 2008 republican candidate John McCain who used their experience in the military as a campaign tool to endear themselves to the voters. In my view, professional and experienced military officers make better commander in chief of the armed forces. Additionally, Idsa (2010) concurs with Huntington that one way of achieving civilian control of the military is by ensuring that the funding of the military is left in the hands of the civilian institutions. Idsa points out that civilian institutions should allow the military to advise them on military matters but ultimately the military should only executive those decisions approved by the civilian institutions. In my view this may endanger the lives of military officers. Due to high budgetary needs of a country, military equipment needed in times of war may be sacrificed to meet other needs in another sector of the economy. Huntington theory goes along way in developing responsible and knowledgeable persons. As Idsa (2010) points out military professionals should present their considerations within the appropriate â€Å"channel of authority and communication. † To effectively carry out his/her duties, Huntington as cited in Williams (1995) states that an army officer must be highly expertise, cooperative and responsible in his profession. He meant that an officer must be well knowledgeable in combating violence. Williams (1995) while says that after training the officers should only work with three words â€Å"duty, honor, country. † As a result, Huntington envisaged a military force free of corruption. The officer is expected to be different from other skilled workers in that money should not play any part enticing one to join the forces. However, the army professional should be well rewarded so as to promote hiring, maintain the officers in the force and boost their morale. Williams (1995) says that Huntington argued that a well skilled army professional should be willing to observe the legal requirements made by citizen organizations recognized by law. In addition, the officers should accept to act as subordinates to individuals as required by legalized community organizations. The military officers are expected to hold a high opinion of their career and should not cause civil unrest or run the government. Since the army professionals are recruited with certain levels of qualification, and by the virtue that they belong in the same profession and hold same competencies, the officers tend to exhibit cooperativeness. This supports the statement of Huntington as quoted by Williams (1995) that â€Å"the members of a profession share a sense of organic unity and consciousness of themselves as a group apart from laymen. . This attribute is fostered by their common training which take quite a long duration, collective discipline and sharing of their societal tasks (Williams, 1995). Conclusion In view of the above statements, Huntington theory helps in creating and maintaining cordial relations between the civilians and the military officers. A professional force envisaged in this theory will go along in ensuring peaceful co-existence helps fight vices such as cor ruption and military coups.

Finnegan’s Garden Essay

The shared costs of each service line can be allocated in several different ways. You can allocate based on FTE’s, direct-labor costs, direct labor plus direct materials or by square footage usage. If you were to allocate the shared costs for Finnegan’s Gardens by FTE you would allocate $24,778 to design, $89,203 to installation, $56,991 to maintenance and $24,778 to administration. To calculate the allocation based on FTE’s, I divided the FTE number given for each service line and divided it by the total number of FTE’s. I then multiplied the result by the total shared costs of $195,750. If you chose to allocate based on direct labor, you would allocate $43,843 to design, $119,360 to installation and $76,390 to maintenance. To allocate the costs based on direct labor, I calculated the direct labor rate per hour for each service line. I divided this number by the total direct labor hours and multiplied that result by the total of the shared costs. If you add in the direct materials to the direct labor, you would allocate $42,231 to design, $94,736 to installation and $58,782 to maintenance. I used the same method to allocate the direct labor plus direct materials as I used to allocate the costs based on direct labor. The last method I used for allocating the shared costs was based on the square footage. To allocate the shared costs based on square footage, you would allocate $$113,661 to design, $20,522 to installation, $20,522 to maintenance and $41,044 to administration. When you look at the Earnings Statement by Service Line, it appears that maintenance has the largest profit margin. This can be attributed to the fact that Finnegan’s design and installation customers often use them for their maintenance services too. I would have to agree with the earnings statement. The maintenance service line produces decent revenue that more than covers their expenses. Even if you add in the shared costs, it will still have the largest profit margin. I think Finnegan’s should expand the maintenance service line. I believe that expanding this service line by 10% would be in the best interest of the company. Even though this expansion would require Finnegan to purchase an additional vehicle and rent additional nursery space, the expense of these wo items is not more than 10% increase in the revenue. I believe that in order for the company to make more money, it would need to spend a little more money to do so. I believe that expanding the maintenance service line would also be easier to achieve than expanding the other two service lines. Even though the majority of the maintenance business comes from the design and installation service lines, I believe finding customers to sign up for maintenance of their lawns would be easier than trying to find customers who want to redo their landscape.

Television Programming Violence that Causes Real Violence Essay

Television Programming Violence that Causes Real Violence - Essay Example For over thirty years this has been an issue. There have been several advocacy groups that have attested to the fact that children will emulate that which they see. They have presented many examples, such as: children believing that they were Superman and threw themselves from roofs, thinking that they could fly; other children using their father ´s gun believing they were playing and killing other children; and, other children modeling the behaviors they watch on television and becoming aggressive, thinking that that is the way to have solved a problem, thus violence causes higher crime rates. Today the topic is still fresh. The heated discussion relating to both the youth violence and media has continued to grow. It is still a debatable issue of whether or not television influences the behaviors of the viewers or not. In the media bloc, the public impugns the television networks, which in turn chastise the writers and producers, who sequentially hold the advertisers accountable, who in the end turn to blame the public. In the violence bloc, the federal government holds the youth responsible for their own actions, who charge the commune, which censures the schools, which points the finger at the parents, and who ultimately blame the government (Caldwell, 1995). This is a vicious circle and no one wants to take the blame for it, yet we see violence increasing every day and the advocate groups continue defending their point that television influences the viewers ´ lifestyles. These viewers may learn positive models, such as through programs like Sesame Street, Electric Com pany, Zoom, 321 Contact, and REBOP. These were programs that taught children how to read and write, how to learn about different cultures, and how to become interested in science. These shows obtained awards for excellence and influenced the youngsters positively. If these shows demonstrated that they were able to influence youngsters around the  world (they have been dubbed into many languages), then why should we think violent programs do not influence the youngsters in a negative way as well?  

Financial accounting Master Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Financial accounting Master - Research Paper Example Also, assume that the only thing that the Dow Jones sold was one piece of printing equipment for $190,000 in cash. a) How much did the Dow Jones originally pay for the piece of equipment that was sold COMPUTATION: Balance (at start) = 1,181,171 Add: Purchase during the year = 155,000 Less: Balance (at end) = (1,177,300) Cost of Equipment = 158,871 JOURNAL ENTRIES Debit Credit Cash 190,000 Allowance for depreciation 122,000 Equipment 158,871 Gain on Sale 153,129 So the payment is made $ 190,000. b At the time of sale, what was the accumulated depreciation on the piece of equipment that was sold COMPUTATION: Cost of Equipment = 158,871 Less: Depreciation = (122,000) Book Value = 36,871 Less: Sale proceeds = (190,000) Gain on Sale = 153,129 Therefore, the depreciation on the sale of equipment amounted $122,000. c Did Dow Jones record a gain or a loss on the sale of the printing equipment As per calculation in the part (b) it is clear fact that Dow Jones recorded a gain of $153,129 on the sale of equipment. PART III: Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts Inc. - Bonds 1. Were the "Trump AC Funding 11% First Mortgage notes, due 2006" issued at par, at a premium or at a discount Justify your answer. After reviewing the long term debt section, according to my assessment "Trump AC Funding 11% First Mortgage notes, due 2006" it was clearly indicated that the management of the company funds the mortgage at par and the management of the company issues mortgage notes at par on the secondary market. 2. Record the entry made at the original... Although, their is no clear indication about the face value but I assume that the face value of the mortgage is $100.And the "Trump AC Funding II 11 % First Mortgage notes" bonds are issued on discount. Bond prices are fluctuated when the company opt the aggressive or conservative accounting policies. The adaptation of those accounting practices enforces management to issue the bond at discount or at face value. Macro factors like fiscal policy, interest rate fluctuations, recession in the economy and difference of timing in the issuance of bond makes a significant impression on the overall valuation of the company. 5. Record the entry that was made for the "Trump AC Funding II 11 % First Mortgage notes" when these notes were issued on January 1, 1997 (Hint: These notes were issued at 95.70% of their face value). 8 Assume that on December 31st, 2001, Trump re-purchased all of the outstanding Castle PIK Notes for $119,500,000. What would the gain or loss be on the repurchase of bonds (net of tax rate of 40%) 10 Assume that on January 1st, 2001, the market rate of interest was 12% on bonds of similar risk to these Castle PIK Notes.

Merchant of venice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Merchant of venice - Essay Example Thus, it can be argued that Shakespeare was not being anti-Semitic when he placed a Jew as a usurer in his play, rather that he was using historical fact as a basis for writing his play. To have written anything else would have been entirely out of historical context. Shakespeare, the greatest dramatist of all time, was not concerned with the issue of anti-Semitism, rather he used the fact that Shylock was a Jew as a tool, through which he was able to explore the issues he wished to discuss in this play – the play, read in this way, is not itself anti-Semitic, rather, it is a play about anti-Semitism, about the similarities and differences one encounters when dealing with people of different religions. Throughout all of Shakespeare’s writing, he uses characters as tools with which to build his story, and entertain his viewers/readers - The Merchant of Venice is no exception to this rule, and so according to this reading of Shakespeare’s motives, this interpretation of the play can be argued to be valid. Shakespeare’s creation of a character as multi-faceted as Shylock is a testament to his skills as a writer – at times we sympathize with Shylock, at times we simply cannot understand his methods or motives; this is because Shakespeare wanted to create a ‘larger than life’ villainous character, who would entertain us through his actions. He is an eternally fascinating character, he keeps us, the viewer/reader, captivated. The fact that Shylock is a Jew is incidental to the drama; Shakespeare wanted to design a character through which he could develop the action of his play, and it is testament to Shakespeare’s skills as a dramatist that he created such a memorable character, that leaves the reader asking so many questions. At times we dislike Shylock, at times we sympathize with the things he is going through; at all times, he arrests us with his depth and his evident selfishness; he is captivating as a

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 24

Marketing - Essay Example Stuffed animals need stuffing. By looking at the raw material inputs that are used in stuffed animals, it was thought that these hole punch scraps can be used as alternative. The major concern in deciding on which products to choose, where the hole punch scraps can be useful is the question of volume. Hole punch scraps can only be valuable if they are sold in huge volumes. The answer to this question has been found on the stuffed animals alternatives for raw material inputs. Hole punch scraps are waste materials, that in essence when they are manufactured they are very minimal in terms of costs. The materials that are used to stuff animals like â€Å"straw, beans, plastic pellets, cotton, synthetic fibres, or other similar materials (Wikipedia 2010),† are naturally produced for the stuffing, thus maybe more costly to manufacture. The demand for these products come from children and adults who look for comfort objects (Fisher 2010). From a psychological perspective, the fascination for comfort objects has sprung up during the late 1800s when life is hard and comfort objects like stuffed animals tend to cheer people up for unique psychological situations (FoxNews.com 2008). The origin of stuffed animals businesses is traced back to practices of taxidermy, where skins of hunted animals are stuffed in order to mimic their appearances even when they are no longer alive. The demand for these products can be traced to a need using Maslows hierarchy of needs framework (Kotler & Armstrong 2004). A comfort object provides the consumer with security and partly, some social needs. During unique situations such as personal tragedies, problems and moments of loneliness, and stressful events, comfort objects somehow provide the feeling of having company as well as the feeling of being safe holding something (FoxNews.com 2008). Pricing is a

The Bank of the Elena on Request of Don Research Paper

The Bank of the Elena on Request of Don - Research Paper Example Being one of the popular and important international commercial terms, ‘FOB’ is used very widely in international commercial transactions. ‘FOB’ is one of the F group terms denotes ‘Free on Board’ where the element of freight is undertaken to be paid by the buyer and the risk on the goods is deemed to pass to the buyer at the point where the goods are delivered to the specified carrier. The term FOB was originally developed with an intention to specify the responsibilities and liabilities of the parties under the contract. In the case of Pyrene v, Scindia three different variations of the FOB Contracts have been established. As a consequence in a FOB contract if the buyer fails to advise his nomination of a specific vessel within the time stipulated under the contract can be terminated by the seller. With this repudiation of the contract, the seller reserves the right to sell the goods to any other third party and also to recover any resultant l oss from the buyer. FOB is being used as one of the important commercial terms for the past two centuries and because of the familiarity traders do not wish to use other terms while formulating the sales contracts. However, this has resulted in using the term FOB wrongly as FOB Factory or FOB Plant which is an incorrect usage as stated by the International Chamber of Commerce According to the Chamber the term implies only ‘Free on Board’. Thus under the FOB contract, the seller need only to place the goods on board the ship which is nominated by the buyer. However as specified in Para B7 of Incoterms 2000, the buyer is obligated to give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel he has nominated.

Is the Kyoto Treaty a Success in Addressing the Rise in Greenhouse Gas Research Paper

Is the Kyoto Treaty a Success in Addressing the Rise in Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Research Paper Example Initially adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, this treaty, however, has not yet been ratified by major countries and some other industrial countries like Canada have even withdrawn from the treaty. (The Guardian,). The lack of proper ratification and adoption of the treaty by major industrial nations have put serious doubts over the ability of the treaty to actually enforce protocols required to reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions by countries which are responsible for most of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. (Ross,95) Over a period of time, despite the fact that countries have been able to cut greenhouse emissions, the over general emission levels have increased. These trends have put serious questions over the ability of treaty to successfully control the greenhouse emissions from the major industrialized nations of the world. This paper will argue whether the Kyoto protocol was successful in controlling greenhouse emissions or not. Climate Change & Greenhouse Emis sions Over the period of time, scientific evidence emerged which suggested a climate change being caused by the way humans actually interact with their environment. The rapid industrialization witnessed by major developed countries during the 20th century is considered as one of the key reasons behind this climate change. With over 100 years of greenhouse emission, the overall ecosystem of the earth is believed to be out of balance and a clear need for reducing the emission was recognized in order to stabilize the earth’s environment. (Henson,15) During the 1990s, environmental issues became a strategic concern and for the first time, it was recognized that there is a clear need for putting into practice certain standards and efforts which can obligate industrial nations to actually reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The 1990s saw great diplomatic efforts to actually develop a comprehensive framework for industrialized nations to actually agree upon certain standards to r educe greenhouse emissions. These diplomatic efforts finally resulted in the development and introduction of what is now called the Kyoto protocol or the Kyoto treaty. (Grubb, Vrolijk, Brack, & Energy and Environmental Programme,54)

The Indolence of the Filipino Essay Example for Free

The Indolence of the Filipino Essay The word indolence has been greatly misused in the sense of little love for work and lack of energy†¦In the Philippines one’s and another’s faults, the shortcomings of one, the misdeeds of another, are attributed to indolence. And just as in the Middle Ages he who sought the explanation of phenomena outside of infernal influences was persecuted, so in the Philippines worse happens to him who seeks the origin of the trouble outside of accepted beliefs. Indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one. The Filipinos have not always been what they are, witnesses whereto are all the historians of the first years after the discovery of the Islands. All the histories of [the country’s] first years†¦abound in long accounts about the industry and agriculture of the natives; mines, gold-washings, looms, farms, barter, naval construction, raising of poultry and stock, weaving of silk and cotton, distilleries, etc. , are things encountered at every step, and considering the time and the conditions in the islands, prove that there was life, there was activity, there was movement. The Filipinos in spite of the climate, in spite of their few needs (they were less then than now), were not the indolent creatures of our time†¦their ethics and their mode of life were not what is not complacently attributed to them. How is it strange, then, that discouragement may have been infused into the spirit of the inhabitants of the Philippines, when in the midst of so many calamities they did not know whether they would see sprout the seed they were planting, whether their field was going to be their grave or their crop would go to feed their executioner? He who does not act freely is not responsible for his actions; and the Filipino people, not being master of its liberty, is not responsible for either its misfortunes or its woes. We say this, it is true, but, as well as seen later on, we also have a large part in the continuation of such a disorder. Of no little importance were the hindrance and obstacles that from the beginning were thrown in the farmer’s way by the rules, who were influenced by childish fear and saw everywhere signs of conspiracies and uprisings. The natives were not allowed to go to their labors, that is, their farms, without permission of the governor, or of his agents and officers, and even of the priests as Morga says†¦ A modern French traveler who was in the Philippines for a long time says, â€Å"†¦the governor, the foremost official of the district†¦monopolizes all the business and instead of developing on his part the love of work, instead of stimulating the too natural indolence of the natives, he with abuse of his powers thinks only of destroying all competition that may trouble him or attempts to participate in his profits. It matters little to him that the country is impoverished, without cultivation, without commerce, without industry, just so the governor is quickly enriched. † All the Filipinos†¦know how many documents, what comings, how many stamped papers, how much patience is needed to secure from the government a permit for an enterprise. One must count upon the good will of this one, on the influence of that one, on a good bribe to another in order that the application be not pigeon-holed†¦And above all, great patience, great knowledge of how to get along, plenty of money, a great deal of politics, many salutations, great influence, plenty of presents and complete resignation! The trade with China†¦was not only prejudicial to Spain but also the life of her colonies; in fact, when the officials and private persons in Manila found an easy method of getting rich they neglected everything. They paid no attention either to cultivating the soil or to fostering industry†¦The pernicious example of the dominators in surrounding themselves with servants and despising manual or corporal labor as a thing unbecoming the nobility and chivalrous pride of the heroes of so many centuries; those lordly airs, which the natives have translated into tila ka castila, and the desire of the dominated to be the equal of the dominators, if not essentially, at east in their manners; all this had naturally to produce aversion to activity and fear or hatred of work. â€Å"Why work? † asked the natives. The curate says that the rich man will not go to heaven. The rich man on earth is liable to all kinds of trouble, to be appointed a cabeza de barangay†¦to be forced banker of the military chief of the town, who to reward him for favors received seizes his laborers and his stock in order to force him to beg money and thus easily pays up. Why be rich? †¦The native, whom they pretend to regard as an imbecile, is not so much so that he does not understand that it is ridiculous to work himself to death to become worse off. A proverb of his says the pig is cooked in its own lard, and as among his bad qualities he has the good one of applying to himself all the criticisms and censures he refers to live miserable and indolent rather than play the part of the wretched beast of burden. Along with gambling, which breeds dislike for steady and difficult toil by its promise of sudden wealth and its appeal to the emotions, with the lotteries, with the prodigality and hospitality of the Filipinos, went also, to swell the train of misfortunes, the religious functions the great number of fiestas, the long masses for the women to spend their mornings and the novenaries to spend their afternoons, and the nights for the processions and rosaries. Remember, that lack of capital and absence of means paralyze all movement, and you will see how the native was perforce (unavoidably) to be indolent for if any money might remain to him from the trials, imposts and exactions, he would have to give it to the curate for bulls, scapularies, candles, novenaries, etc. And if this does not suffice to form an indolent character†¦ recall then that the doctrine of his religion teach him to irrigate his fields in the dry season, not by means of canals but with masses and prayers; to preserve his stock during an epidemic with holy water, exorcisms and benedictions that cost five dollars an animal, to drive away the locusts by a procession with the image of St. Augustine, etc†¦We have noticed that the countries which believe most in miracles are the laziest, just as spoiled children are the most ill-mannered. Whether they believe in miracles to palliate their laziness or they are lazy because they believe in miracles, we cannot say; but the fact is the Filipinos were much less lazy before the word miracle was introduced into their language. With the lack of confidence in the future, that uncertainty of reaping the reward of labor, as in a city stricken with plague, everybody yields to fate, shuts himself in his house or goes about amusing himself in an attempt to spend the few days that remain to him in the least disagreeable way possible. The apathy of the government itself toward everything in commerce and agriculture contributes not a little to foster indolence. There is no encouragement at all for the manufacturer or for the farmer, the government furnishes no aid either when a poor crop comers, when the locusts sweep over the fields, or when cyclone destroys in its passage the wealth of the soil†¦Why should it do so when these same products are burdened with taxes and imposts and have no free entry into the ports of the mother country, nor is their consumption there encouraged? And the principal and most terrible [reason] of all: the education of the native. From his birth until he sinks into his grave, the training of the native is brutalizing, depressive and anti-human†¦There is no doubt that the government, some priests like the Jesuits and some Dominicans like Padre Benavides, have done a great deal by founding colleges, schools of primary instruction, and the like. But this is not enough; their efforts are neutralized. They amount to five or ten years†¦during which the youth comes in contact with books selected by those very priests who boldly proclaim that it is evil for the natives to know Castilian, that the native should not be separated from his carabao, that he should not value any further aspirations, and so on †¦Thus while they attempt to make of the native a kind of animal, yet in exchange they demand of him divine actions†¦Deprive a man, then, of his dignity, and you not only deprive him of his moral strength but you also make useless for those who wish to make use of him. Every creature has its stimulus, its mainspring; man’s is his self-esteem. Take it away from him and he is a corpse, and he who seeks activity in a corpse will encounter only worms. Thus is explained how the natives of the present time are no longer the same as those of the time of the discovery, neither morally nor physically. The ancient writers, like Chirino, Morga, and Colin, take pleasure in describing them a well-featured, with good aptitudes for anything they take up, keen and susceptible and of resolute will, very clean and neat in their persons and clothing, and of good mien and bearing (Morga)†¦ In exchange, the writers of the present time, without being more gallant than Herman Cortez and Salcedo, nor more prudent than Legazpi, nor more manly than Morga, nor more prudent than Colin and Gaspar de San Agustin, our contemporary writers we say find that the native is a creature something more than a monkey but much less than a man, an anthropoid, dull-witted, stupid, timid, dirty, cringing, ill-clothed, indolent, lazy brainless, immoral, etc. tc. To what is this retrogression due? Is it the delectable civilization, the religion of salvation of the friars, called of Jesus Christ by euphemism, that has produced this miracle that has atrophied his brain, paralyzed his heart and made of the man this sort of vicious animal that the writers depict? Alas! The whole misfortune of the present Filipinos consists in that they have become only half-way brutes. The Filipino is convinced that to get happiness it is necessary for him to lay aside his dignity as a rational creature, to attend mass, to believe what is told him, to pay what is demanded of him, to pay and forever to pay; to work, suffer, and be silent, without aspiring anything, without aspiring to know or even to understand Spanish, without separating himself from his carabao, as the priests shamelessly say, without protesting against any injustice, against any arbitrary action, against an assault, against an insult; that is, not to have heart, brain, or spirit; a creature with arms and a purse of gold. . there’s the ideal native! unfortunately, or because the brutalization is not yet complete and because the nature of man is inherent in his being in spite of his condition, the native protests; he still has aspirations, he thinks and strives to rise, and there’s the trouble! Peoples and governments are correlated and complementary: a stupid government would be an a nomaly among righteous people, just as a corrupt people cannot exist under just rulers and wise laws. Like people, like government, we will say in paraphrase of a popular adage. The very limited training in the home, the tyrannical and sterile education of the rare centers of learning that blind subordination of the youth to one of greater age, influence the mind so that a man may not aspire to excel those who preceded him but must merely be content to go along with a march behind them. Stagnation forcibly results from this, and as he who devotes himself merely to copying divests himself of other qualities suited to his own nature, he naturally becomes sterile; hence decadence. Indolence is a corollary derived from the lack of stimulus and of vitality. That modesty infused into the convictions of everyone, or, to speak more clearly, that insinuated inferiority, a sort of daily and constant depreciation of the mind so that it may not be raised to the regions of life, deadens the energies, paralyzes all tendencies toward advancement, and of the least struggle a man gives up without fighting. If by one of those rare incidents, some wild spirit, that is some active one, excels, instead of his example stimulating, it only causes others to persist in their inaction. There’s one who will work for us; let’s sleep on! † say his relatives and friends. True it is that the spirit of rivalry is sometimes awakened, only that then it awakens with bad humor in the guise of envy, and instead of being a lever for helping, it is an obstacle that produces discouragement. Nurtured by the example of anchorites (monks) of a contemplative and lazy life, the natives spend theirs in giving their gold to the Church in the hope of miracles and other wonderful things. Their will is hypnotized: from childhood they learned to act mechanically, without knowledge of the object, thanks to the exercise imposed upon them from the most tender years of praying for whole hours in an unknown tongue, of venerating things that they do not understand, of accepting beliefs that are not explained to them, to having absurdities imposed upon them, while the protests of reason are repressed. Is it any wonder that with this vicious dressage of intelligence and will the native, should now be a mass of dismal contradictions? That continual struggle between reason and duty, between his organism and his new ideals, that civil war which disturbs the peace of his conscience all his life, has the result of paralyzing all his energies, and aided by the severity of the climate, makes that eternal vacillation, of the doubts in his brain, the origin of his indolent disposition. â€Å"You can’t know more than this or that old man! † â€Å"Don’t aspire to be greater than the curate! † â€Å"You belong to an inferior race! â€Å"You haven’t any energy! † This is what they tell the child and they repeat it so often, it has perforce to become engraved in the mind and thence mould and pervade all his action. The child or youth who tries to be anything else is blamed with vanity and presumption; the curate ridicules him with cruel sarcasm, his relatives look upon him with fear, strangers regard him with great compassion. No forward movement — Get back in the ranks and ke ep in line! With his spirit thus molded the native falls into the most pernicious (wicked; malicious; harmful) of all routines: routine not planned but imposed and forced†¦What he lacks is in the first place liberty to allow expansion to his adventuresome spirit, and good examples, beautiful prospects for the future. It is necessary that his spirit, store up energy, seek high purposes, in order to struggle against obstacles in the midst of unfavorable natural conditions. In order that he may progress it is necessary that a revolutionary spirit, so to speak, should boil in his veins, since progress necessarily requires the present; the victory of new ideas over the ancient and accepted one†¦all the flattering promises of the fairest hopes will not suffice, so long as his spirit is not free, his intelligence is not respected. Convinced by the insinuation of his inferiority, his spirit harassed by his education, if that brutalization of which we spoke above can be called education, in that exchange of usages and sentiments among different nations, the Filipino, to whom remain only his susceptibility and his oetical imagination, allows himself to be guided by his fancy and his self-love†¦ They have dazzled him with tinsel, with strings of colored glass beads, with noisy rattles, shining mirrors and other trinkets, and he has given in return his gold, his conscience, and even his liberty. He changed his religion for the external practices of another cult; the convictions and usages derived from his climate and needs, for other convictions that developed under another sky and another inspiration. His spirit, well-disposed toward everything that looks good to him, was then transformed, at the pleasure of the nation that forced upon him its God and its law, and as the trader with whom he dealt did not bring a cargo of useful implements of iron, hoes to till the fields, but stamped papers, crucifixes, bulls and prayer-books, as he did not have for ideal and prototype the tanned and vigorous laborer, but the aristocratic Lord carried in a luxurious litter, the result was that the imitative people became bookish, devout, prayerful; it acquired ideas of luxury and ostentation, without thereby improving the means of its substance to a corresponding degree.

Benefits Of Running As Exercise English Language Essay

Benefits Of Running As Exercise English Language Essay Your top should be a wicking fabric, not cotton. Cotton will trap moisture, get heavy, chafe more. A wicking material will draw the moisture away from your skin, making it easier to get rid of excess heat and also offering some protection from rain. Examples include Nike Dri-fit, Adidas Climalite, Mizuno Drylite you get the idea. A lot of races will give running tops to entrants, so you dont need to buy too many. You will warm up pretty quickly when youre running, so for most of the year a shortsleeved top is fine. For your lower half shorts or running tights Running shorts should be light and also made of wicking material. If its colder, you could wear some running tights or running trousers Everyday tracksuit bottoms will have the problem that theyre not made of the right material, so theyll get heavy and cling when theyre wet, and be too hot when its warm. Socks dont have to be anything special. The Aldi and Lidl running socks are very popular, though some people swear by more expensive brands. The key consideration is protection from blisters, so you need socks that will help get rid of moisture, and fit well. Speaking of blisters, they are caused by a combination of three things: heat, moisture, and friction. Cut out one of those and you wonà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t get blisters. Heat is hard to eliminate completely, but make sure your shoes have some ventilation. Wicking socks will draw moisture away from your feet. Well-fitting shoes and socks will reduce friction. If you do get blisters, compeed plasters are the best treatment. Shoes Dont buy some runners because a friend wears them and says theyre good. There is no right pair of runners for everyone. The right pair for you depends on the shape of your foot your gait the amount of miles you intend to run in them your weight the conditions youll run in Go to a shop where you can get expert advice, not some random tracksuits-and-runners shop. Gait analysis is a useful tool, but the main thing is that the staff in the shop know what theyre talking about. Running in Winter Remember that you will generate heat from running, so you dont need to pile on too many layers. A long-sleeved top and running tights might be enough. You could add gloves, hats, and a jacket things that you can take off when youve warmed up. Reflective material is a priority in winter either bright clothes, or a reflective belt/jacket on top. If possible make sure that the reflectives are on the moving parts of your body, arms and legs. A headlamp is useful if youre not running in daylight, or under streetlamps. Getting started Not really equipment, but there are a few common mistakes people make when they start running they dash off on a run, get out of breath and shuffle home thinking they cant do it they train too much, get hurt, stop running they train too little, get out of the habit, stop running they settle on an easy routine, and never improve All of these problems have the same solution. Set yourself a target, and follow a proper training plan to get there. If you are just starting out, follow the couch25k running plan. This is a simple programme, that anyone can follow, works for any standard, and will get you to the point where you can run a 5k. Loads of people have followed it successfully. Its three sessions a week, no more than 30 minutes each session, which is enough to keep you improving but should be easy to fit into your life. (If you need to repeat a week, repeat a week. If youre having trouble completing the runs, slow down) Find a 5k a few months away, and make that your target. Having a target in mind will make it easier to stick with the programme. If youve run your first 5k and want to get faster, or run further, then set another target and follow a training plan. There are plans out there for every distance (the Hal Higdon ones are very beginner-friendly), and following a good plan will ensure you get the right mix of training and build consistently. Running further As you run longer distances, three issues will become more important hydration, nutrition, and chafing. Hydration If youre running for less than an hour, a drink of water before you start and more water when you finish is probably enough. If youre running for longer, you should plan to drink some water on your way around. Very roughly, a 500 mls bottle of water if youre running up to 2 hours, another if you run up to 3 hours. But this will depend on how fit you are, how fast youre running, how hot the day is, and your general condition. You should be well-hydrated before your run (straw-coloured urine), drink when youre thirsty on your run, and drink when you get back. If you weigh yourself immediately before and after your run, the weight loss you see is down to loss of water that will give you an idea of how much you should be drinking. In a race (over 5 miles distance), there should be water stations every 3 miles. On a training run, your options are to bring water with you (in a camelbak or waist pack), bring money with you and stop into a shop on the way, or go out beforehand and stash water along the route. Nutrition You will also have to think more about nutrition for longer runs. You have to make sure you have energy to run the best source is slow-release carbohydrates, such as porridge. But you dont want to run too soon after eating, because the food will sit uncomfortably in your stomach. Most people prefer not to run for an hour after eating something substantial, but everyone is different. Over longer distances, many people use energy gels. These are carbohydrate rich, and fairly easy to digest while running. There are a lot of different brands and flavours, but two basic types the standard gels, that should be washed down with water, and isogels, that can be taken on their own. Everyone has their own preferences, so try a few different types. And try them in a training run before using them in a race. Finally, remember that you put in is going to come out again, one way or another, so plan ahead. You dont want to have to make a pit-stop halfway through your run. Know what schedule your body is on, and what food your stomach will react to. Chafing As you run longer distances, youll notice you start to get sore in different places where theres a seam in your clothes, and around the nips (for men) Use Bodyglide (or vaseline, but its bad for your clothes?) around the affected areas. Use plasters, micropore tape, or nipguards to prevent the dreading bleeding nipples. Timing The cheapest option is to use a stopwatch to time your run, and use mapmyrun (or a similar site) to measure the distance. Next cheapest is a watch linked to a pedometer (the Nike + for example) The pedometer isnt great for accuracy basically you calibrate it by running a known distance, it says okay, that km took X steps and from then on calculates distance run by counting steps and comparing to X. Which is fine, as long as your stride length doesnt change. If you recalibrate regularly, it should be within 5-10% of your actual distance. When you upload your run it will tell you (roughly) how fast you were going at different stages. A GPS watch (such as a Garmin) uses a satellite signal to calculate your position and your position a second later and another second later and so on. It uses this data to calculate how far youve travelled, and how fast (and will usually have a range of other features such as programmed workouts, heart rate monitors, etc). They usually cost at least 150 quid. If you have an iPhone, there are several apps you can use to track your time and distance, such as Runmeter.

The Process Of Space Travel Philosophy Essay

The Process Of Space Travel Philosophy Essay Firstly I think space travel is worth the time and money because with space travel we can learn more about space and whats up there. Also with more knowledge of space we can use it to our advantage. Space travel could be dangerous but it is worth knowing some knowledge about it to know if something dangerous like a comet is coming. It could also help for us to know more about the moon and the stars. Secondly here are some things we could do in space thats if were able to go back up there are learn more about the planets and what each one holds. All of the planets are in many different shapes and sizes. Like Mars for instance scientists say that it is the closest planet similar to earth. It has water just like earth does but doesnt have enough oxygen on it for people to live on. But scientists also say that if they could get plant life on Mars that eventually people would be able to live on Mars. For now since people cant live on mars they put robots on the planet to gain information about the planet. Unlike humans robots can stay on the planet for a lot longer and get hard to reach areas on the planet that humans cant reach. One thing that a human could do on the planet that wouldnt require robots help would be collecting data. A human could collect samples of the planet as well getting the water percentage of the planet. Thirdly before I start talking about the costs of space travel I will talk about some of the things you do while going into a space shuttle. When you walk in the shuttle you have to take off your shoes and you are given a special pair of isolation chamber slippers. After the shoes you are given a light blue vinyl imprinted with the Japan Aerospace exploration logo on it (JAXA). Next is the isolation chamber, a freestanding structure inside building C-5 at JAXAs headquarters in Tsukuba Science City. If you make it to this chamber you are a top ten finalist for two openings in the Japanese astronaut corps. The people in this room are monitored by the JAXA members as well as psychiatrists to see their behaviors in the room. These are some of the things done when in a space shuttle. If the astronauts were able to use the water on mars they could probably stay up in space a lot longer without going back to earth for supplies. How exactly expensive is space travel? Well space travel can cost up to half a billion dollars per space launch. Even with that cost per launch it is still worth it to go to space to find all the undiscovered things up there. Like I said before with the water if they could find a way to stay in space longer it would cut a lot of the costs because you wouldnt have to make as many trips back and forth. Space travel is important because it can let us know if anything deadly is coming. Or it could help us learn more of when the sun is going to burn out. If the sun burns out us humans will only be able to live for a couple of days before freezing to death. As I said before NASA also wants to be able to put people in space because of over population. Just think in space there is no limit of capacity it can hold, so therefore you could fit everyone up there without a problem. Some scientists were wondering that if you went up in space could it actually blow your mind? Well reports from the 1957 issue of Aviation Medicine 35 percent of 137 pilots interviewed said they had a strange feeling on the way up. Some of the astronauts said they felt closer to god or they had broken bonds with the terrestrial sphere. This blowing of the mind theory is also known as the breaking away theory. David Simons from NASA compared the breaking away phenomenon to the deadly raptures of the deep. The rapture of the deep is a medical condition where a diver feels calm and at peace when 100 feet below water. This term is also known as nitrogen narcosis. Simons also said that one day this could be an astronaut going into space with this happening. Some astronauts said that even looking down at the earth spinning fast and the shuttle moving from earth so fast gives them space euphoria, which has the same meaning as the blowing of the mind theory. Some of the psychologists were nervous about the first two space walkers because they got nervous leaving the space shuttle and this made them want to go back to the space shuttle. But in most cases the astronauts were not nervous when they went out of the space shuttle without any problems. Crash simulation is a world made up of metal and men. The place that the simulator is located is at Ohios transportation research center. In the research center there is a crash sled with a track going down the middle of it. The room has a bunch of engineers in it with safety goggles on. In the room there are a bunch of orange and yellow hazard lights along with the cadaver. The cadavers are dressed just like a living person would dress but only there dead. In a couple of hours the cadaver will be hit with a piston that will be shot with pressurized air at the seat he is sitting at. The seat is designed to create any type of crash scenario that you need to be performed. If you need to do a scenario where a car travels 65 mph into a wall you can do that. Or you can even do a scenario where the cars are crashing into each other. In a space shuttle it is a little different than normal car crash testing because almost all space landings are kind of like crash test when it has to do with space. Next is the Gemini VII launched on December 4, 1965 it was a trip to the moon. The only thing different was that this time it was a round trip to the moon a mission that takes two weeks. This would be tough for the astronauts because they have never spent that much time in zero gravity, the old time was only 8 days compared to this ones 12. Just to see if they could stay up in space that long they had a rehearsal where the astronauts would stay on earth but would be in a space shuttle for two weeks to see if the astronauts would be able to handle it. If they could handle it then they would be sent up into space for the two weeks to the study the moon. The Nazis built the worlds first rocket; it was designed to deliver without leaving their home. The rocket that the Nazis built was called the V-2. The Nazis put their first strike with it on London. But anyways Dr. James henry asked David Simons a scientist if people would ever go into space and that thats when Simons said yes and then Henry asked about a monkey going into space and Simon said well when do we start. The only problem was that hey were worried that terrible things would happen to the monkey if he was launched into space. So they said the only way to know for sure was to send a simulated pilot up there so he could launch the animal in the nose of the fast V-2 rocket. But In 1948 Albert a nine-pound monkey was the first living creature to be launched into space. In Conclusion I have told you why space travel is important and if its worth it, I have also talked about mars and many other space experiments. Going into space is a very important thing because it helps us know more about what exactly space is and how it was formed. Without space travel we wouldnt have learned about gravity, the moon, or even the planets. So you see we do need space travel and we need to continue going up into space to learn new things and discover new things. Space travel might also be expensive but in the long run the money is worth it. As I said before the earth is becoming over populated and eventually we might not have any room left. So if we could put humans in space there would be no limit on how many people it could fit. Im also going to say that without space travel we might not be where were at today. These are just some of the many things on why space travel is important and why need it for a better future. Personal Review I thought packing for mars was a pretty interesting book. I thought it was going to be another boring space book but it turned out that the book wasnt so bad. I thought it was pretty neat how they have to package the food in special sealed bags so that when it gets to space it doesnt go all over the place. One thing that I didnt like about the book was that it didnt talk about going to mars all that much. One thing that was interesting but gross was the vomiting in the space helmets. Roach talked about how threatening it could be if a person were to throw up in their space helmet and I thought that was just gross. As I said before the book turned out not to be too bad.

The Effects of the Internet on the Future Essay example -- Technology

The Effects of the Internet on the Future If every action has an opposite and equal reaction, then a huge branch-like system connecting information and people scattered into an abyss of nothing encompassed in a piece of desktop hardware and Glorified as "the Web", would actually be the opposite and equal reaction to the brain that sits and stares into it. Artificial Intelligence the demise of our own consumption, Why not? I definitely wouldn't call it a being of the lesser species either. Sure the Internet's soul purpose is to feed us but it feeds us whatever we want. Never again will we have to doubt our selves, instead of saying "I'll bet on it" you can say "hold on a sec." And pull out your pocket device to reference the Great Web. Freedom of information, or just the right amount to help control the masses, you decide. Dormant in the real time world, this artificial opposite yet equal being is very much alive within both the conscious and subconscious mind of the user. It changed the world and like all great tragedies a well delayed after shock has started taking place. October 30th 1938, Orsen Welles, who was 23 at the time, creates mass hysteria over the eastern coast during a radio broadcast on his Mercury Theater of the Air. Despite the disclaimer at the end of the broadcast over a million listeners panicked and fled into the streets. Some headlines include; -Many flee homes to escape gas raids from Mars. -Confusion caused by radio dramatization "War of the Worlds" was evidence radio needs "control by the Government". Senator Herring. The Senator then prepared a bill that would give the Federal Communications Commission permission to pass on every radi... ...er an entire generation of people living inside a world of electronic and neural connections. No more time wasted on the ever so slow method of physical interactions to achieve communications. A world where rumors are made in split second decisions. Like the Oklahoma City bombing being connected to the Waco tragedy and Ruby Ridge. Some of these conspiracy theories have even been acknowledged within the white house. This artificial life we've created might not be the robot many imagined back in the fifty's, but there is definitely signs of life within this infinite tree of brain matter and optical cables. Whether it be a nuclear attack or gas from Mars information will always cause a reaction to every action. I believe that the future has yet to take place and nothing is foretold, therefore anything is possible. The Effects of the Internet on the Future Essay example -- Technology The Effects of the Internet on the Future If every action has an opposite and equal reaction, then a huge branch-like system connecting information and people scattered into an abyss of nothing encompassed in a piece of desktop hardware and Glorified as "the Web", would actually be the opposite and equal reaction to the brain that sits and stares into it. Artificial Intelligence the demise of our own consumption, Why not? I definitely wouldn't call it a being of the lesser species either. Sure the Internet's soul purpose is to feed us but it feeds us whatever we want. Never again will we have to doubt our selves, instead of saying "I'll bet on it" you can say "hold on a sec." And pull out your pocket device to reference the Great Web. Freedom of information, or just the right amount to help control the masses, you decide. Dormant in the real time world, this artificial opposite yet equal being is very much alive within both the conscious and subconscious mind of the user. It changed the world and like all great tragedies a well delayed after shock has started taking place. October 30th 1938, Orsen Welles, who was 23 at the time, creates mass hysteria over the eastern coast during a radio broadcast on his Mercury Theater of the Air. Despite the disclaimer at the end of the broadcast over a million listeners panicked and fled into the streets. Some headlines include; -Many flee homes to escape gas raids from Mars. -Confusion caused by radio dramatization "War of the Worlds" was evidence radio needs "control by the Government". Senator Herring. The Senator then prepared a bill that would give the Federal Communications Commission permission to pass on every radi... ...er an entire generation of people living inside a world of electronic and neural connections. No more time wasted on the ever so slow method of physical interactions to achieve communications. A world where rumors are made in split second decisions. Like the Oklahoma City bombing being connected to the Waco tragedy and Ruby Ridge. Some of these conspiracy theories have even been acknowledged within the white house. This artificial life we've created might not be the robot many imagined back in the fifty's, but there is definitely signs of life within this infinite tree of brain matter and optical cables. Whether it be a nuclear attack or gas from Mars information will always cause a reaction to every action. I believe that the future has yet to take place and nothing is foretold, therefore anything is possible.

The Celebration Of Chanukah :: essays research papers fc

The Celebration of Chanukah   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The candle light flickered in Dorothy Abramawitz’s eyes. In her tiny, pudgy right hand she held the shammus, the host candle, and burned the wick until the flame was glowing brightly. While she began to light the first candle on the menorah, she heard her mother’s voice singing softly, â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Asher Kideshonu Bemitzvosov Vetzivonu Lehadlik Ner Chanukah.† Blessed are You, Lord our God King of the universe, Who has sanctified us by His commandments, and has commanded us to kindle the lights of Chanukah. She passed the shammus candle to her sister, who lit the second candle and then passed it to her brother to light the third. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Sheoso Nisim La'avoseinu Bayomim Hoheim Bizman Hazeh.† Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old, at this season. This passing of the candle went until all eight o f the siblings had had a chance to light a candle, and by the time that had finished, it left the Chanukah menorah fully ablaze. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Shehechiyonu Vekiyimonu, Vehigionu Lizman Hazeh.† Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, and has preserved us, and enabled us to reach this season.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy watched the hot wax glide from the top of the candle, down its body, and splatter on the wooden table on which the menorah was standing tall. Chanukah was her favorite Jewish holiday to celebrate. It was a time of family, good food, and gifts. It was a time for remembrance of the miracles that God had once done for her people, and could do once again. But this year’s celebration was different. There were no gifts or extravagant feasts. There was no laughter or loud celebrations. A black blanket covered the window, so that she could not see the Russian landscape outside the house, and so that the Gestapo could not see the family’s Jewish practices. Everything they did had to be hidden now, had to be concealed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her brown eyes danced and her glossy brown curls shined in the firelight. Shifting them from the menorah toward her mother, she had to laugh. Even her mother’s appearance was different this year. On top of her mother’s head was a yammika, the traditional hat that the men of the family wore on their heads whenever they prayed or gave a blessing. The Celebration Of Chanukah :: essays research papers fc The Celebration of Chanukah   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The candle light flickered in Dorothy Abramawitz’s eyes. In her tiny, pudgy right hand she held the shammus, the host candle, and burned the wick until the flame was glowing brightly. While she began to light the first candle on the menorah, she heard her mother’s voice singing softly, â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Asher Kideshonu Bemitzvosov Vetzivonu Lehadlik Ner Chanukah.† Blessed are You, Lord our God King of the universe, Who has sanctified us by His commandments, and has commanded us to kindle the lights of Chanukah. She passed the shammus candle to her sister, who lit the second candle and then passed it to her brother to light the third. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Sheoso Nisim La'avoseinu Bayomim Hoheim Bizman Hazeh.† Blessed are you, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old, at this season. This passing of the candle went until all eight o f the siblings had had a chance to light a candle, and by the time that had finished, it left the Chanukah menorah fully ablaze. â€Å"Boruch Atoh Adonoy, Eloheinu Melech Hoolom, Shehechiyonu Vekiyimonu, Vehigionu Lizman Hazeh.† Blessed are You, Lord our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, and has preserved us, and enabled us to reach this season.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy watched the hot wax glide from the top of the candle, down its body, and splatter on the wooden table on which the menorah was standing tall. Chanukah was her favorite Jewish holiday to celebrate. It was a time of family, good food, and gifts. It was a time for remembrance of the miracles that God had once done for her people, and could do once again. But this year’s celebration was different. There were no gifts or extravagant feasts. There was no laughter or loud celebrations. A black blanket covered the window, so that she could not see the Russian landscape outside the house, and so that the Gestapo could not see the family’s Jewish practices. Everything they did had to be hidden now, had to be concealed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her brown eyes danced and her glossy brown curls shined in the firelight. Shifting them from the menorah toward her mother, she had to laugh. Even her mother’s appearance was different this year. On top of her mother’s head was a yammika, the traditional hat that the men of the family wore on their heads whenever they prayed or gave a blessing.

Esssential of Negotiation

Helsinki School of Economics Advanced Negotiation Practices Course Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Lewicki, Roy J. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. 2001. Essentials of Negotiation: 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Reviewed by Mohammad Moshtari February 2008 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Book Introduction This book represents authors’ response to faculty who wanted a briefer version of the longer text, Negotiation. The objective of this shorter volume is to provide the reader with the core concepts negotiation in a more succinct version. The book is organized into 9 chapters. The first four chapters introduce the reader to ? Negotiation Fundamentals?. The first chapter introduces the field of negotiation and conflict management, describes the basic problem of interdependence with other people, and briefly explores the problems of managing that interdependence. The second chapter introduces the concept of ? framing? or how parties come to decide what a negotiation is all about, and how parties need to plan for an upcoming negotiation. Chapter 3 and 4 then present the two core approaches to negotiations: the basic dynamics of competitive (win-loss) bargaining (chapter 3) and the basic dynamics of integrative (win-win) negotiation (chapter 4). The next two chapters present two key sub processes of negotiation: cognition and communication, and power and persuasion. In chapter 5, basic processes of cognition and communication in negotiation is reviewed, especially communication dynamics is examined as well as a number of common cognition and judgment biases made by negotiators. In chapter 6, authors looked at the tools negotiators can use to pressure the other side, using the tools of persuasion and power to get the other to change his or her perspective or give in to our arguments. The next two chapters review two key context elements of negotiation. In chapter 7, authors examined the ethical context and standards that surround negotiation and create unique challenges for negotiators in deciding how fully and completely they are going to disclose their bargaining positions. In chapter 8, authors attempted to clarify how national cultures around the world shape the diverse ways parties approach negotiations. The last chapter emphasizes strategies that can be used by the parties to resolve breakdowns in the negotiation process. Chapter 9 explores the techniques that negotiators can use on their own to get negotiations back on track. Authors made some of related materials (secondary chapters) accessible on the World Wide Web (at www. mhhe. com/business/managment/lewicki) including social context of negotiation, multiparty negotiations or managing difficult negotiations: theirs party approaches. The organization of the book also parallels more closely the organization of a companion volume, Negotiation: Readings, Exercises and Cases by Roy J. Lewicki. , David M. Saunders, and John W. Minton. Contents in Brief ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The nature of negotiation Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation Communication, perception and cognitive biases Finding and using negotiation leverage Ethics in negotiation Global negotiation Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 1: The nature of negotiation The structure and processes of negotiation are fundamentally the same at personal level as they are at the diplomatic and corporate level. Negotiations occur for two reasons: (1) to create something new that neither party could do on his or her own, (2) to resolve a problem or dispute between the parties. There are sev eral characteristics common to all negotiation situations: (1) there are two or ore parties, (2) there is a conflict of interest between them, (3) The parties negotiate duo to get a better deal (4) the parties, at least for a moment prefer to search for agreement, (5) when they negotiate they expect to give and take, (6) successful negotiation involves the management of intangibles (such as need to look good) as well as resolving the tangibles (such as the terms of agreement) In negotiations both parties need each other. This situation of mutual dependency is called interdependence. Interdependent relationships are characterized by interlocking goals; the parties need each other to accomplish their goals. The structure of the interdependence (wind-lose or win-win), determines the range of possible outcomes of the negotiation and suggests the appropriate strategies and tactics that the negotiators should use. Interdependent relationships are complex. Both parties know that they can influence the other’s outcomes and their outcomes in turn be influenced by the other. This mutual adjustment continues throughout the negotiation as both parties act to influence the other. Making and interpreting concessions is no easy work, especially when there is little trust between negotiations. The search for an optimal solution through the processes of giving information and making concessions is greatly aided by trust and a belief that you are being treated honesty and fairly. Two efforts in negotiation help to create such trust and belief: perceptions of outcomes that attempts to change a party’s estimation of the perceived importance of something and perception of the process may help convey images of equity, fairness and reciprocity in proposals and concessions. One potential consequence of interdependent relationship is conflict that can be duo to the highly divergent needs of the two parties, a misunderstanding that occurs between two people, or some other intangible factors. One way to classify conflicts is by level, and four levels of conflicts are commonly identified: intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intra-group conflict, inter-group conflict. Conflict may be destructive or productive, so the objective is not to eliminate conflict but to learn how to manage it so that the destructive elements are controlled while the productive aspects are enjoyed. Negotiation is a strategy for productively managing conflict. Many approaches to managing conflict have been suggested. The below two dimensional framework is represented as the dual concerns model. The model postulates that individuals in conflict have two independent levels of concern: concern about their own outcomes and concern about the other’s outcomes. As mentioned in the figure, there are five major Problem Yielding strategies for conflict management. Each strategy has its Solving advantages and disadvantages and is more or less appropriate given the type of conflict and situation in which (compromising) the dispute occurs. Thus, conflict theory and research have moved toward a contingency approach advocating that the Inaction Contending strategy selected should be based on the objectives of the parties and the nature of their dispute. Two major mechanisms for resolving conflicts-third parties and Concern about own outcomes conflict management systems- extend above and beyond the strategies of the parties themselves. Concern about others’ utcomes 3 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 2: Negotiations: framing, strategizing, and planning In this chapter, authors discuss what negotiators should do before sitting down at the table: framing, strategizing, and planning. Framing is the means by which the parties in a negotiation define the problem. They mention that there are three ways to understand frames: as cognitive heuristics, at categories of experience, and as a process of issue development. In continuation, they try to introduce the negotiator to the power and prevalence of frames via: different types of frames, how certain frames may be invoked or ignored in a given situation, the consequences of framing a conflict in a particular way and the approaches that negotiators can use to manage frames more effectively. Understanding frames- which means understanding how parties define the key issues and how conversations can shift and transform those issues- is the first step in effective planning. After framing, negotiators must anticipate what they want to achieve in a negotiation and must prepare for these events in advance. The preparation must include attention to substantive items including goals, goal priorities, and multi-goal packages as well as procedural concerns dealing with agendas and bargaining histories. the choice of goals and frames are strongly interactive and the existence of one will rapidly produce evidence of other. Afterwards negotiators move to the third element in the sequence: selecting and developing a strategy. According to below suggested model, negotiators have some choices of a negotiation that is reflected in the answers to two simple questions: how much concern does the actor have for achieving the substantive outcomes at stake in this Substantive outcome important? negotiation and how much concern does the Yes No negotiator have for the current and future quality of relationship with the other party. Yes Collaboration Accommodation In the last part of chapter, authors explain the importance of planning. hile success in negotiation is affected by how one plays the game, the most important step for success is No Competition Avoidance how to one gets ready for the game. effective planning also hard work on a number of specific steps: ? Defining issues ? Assembling issues and defining the bargaining mix ? Defining interests ? Consulting with others ? Identifying limits ? Setting targets ? Developing supporting arguments ? Analyzing the other party Frames, goals, strategies and stages set the background for an effective planning process. If the negotiator is able to consider and evaluate each of these factors, the negotiator will know what he or she wants and will have a clear sense of direction on how to proceed. The sense of direction, and the confidence derived from it will be the single most important factor in achieving a desired negotiation outcome. Rational choice important 4 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 3: Strategy and tactics of distributive negotiation In a distributive bargaining situation, the goals of one party are usually in fundamental and direct conflict with the goals of the other party. Resources are fixed and each party will use a set of strategies to maximize their share of resources to be obtained. While distributive strategies are useful, they can also be counterproductive and costly. Often they cause the negotiating parties to focus so much on their differences that they ignore what they have in common. These negative effects notwithstanding, distributive bargaining strategies are quite useful when a negotiator wants to maximize the value obtained in a single deal and when the relationship with the other party is not important. Both parties to a negotiation should establish their starting, target and resistance points before beginning a negotiation. Starting points are usually in the opening statements each party makes. The target point is usually learned or inferred as negotiations get under way. The resistance point, the point beyond which a person will not go and would rather break off negotiations. The spread between the resistance points, called bargaining range, settlement range or zone of potential agreement, is particularly important. In this area the actual bargaining takes place, for anything outside these point will be summarily rejected by one of the two negotiators. It is rare that a negotiation includes only one item; more typically there is a set of items, referred to as a bargaining mix. Each item in a bargaining mix can have opening, target and resistance points. The bargaining mix may provide opportunities for bundling issues together, logrolling or displaying mutually concessionary behavior. Negotiators by employing strategies attempt to influence each other perceptions of what is possible through the exchange of information and persuasion. Regardless of the general strategy taken, two tasks are important in all distributive bargaining situations: discovering the other party’s resistance point and influencing the other party’s resistance point. The negotiator’s basic goal is to reach a final settlement as close to the other party’s resistance point as possible. Four tactical tasks are suggested for a negotiator in a distributive bargaining: (1) to asses the other party’s outcome values and the costs of terminating negotiations, (2) to manage the other party’s impressions of the negotiator’s outcome values, (3) to modify the other party’s perception of his or her own outcome values, and (4) to manipulate the actual costs of delaying or aborting negotiations. The other decision to be made at the outset of distributive bargaining concerns the stance to adopt during negotiations. A reasonable bargaining position is usually coupled with a friendly stance and an extreme position is usually couple ith a tougher, more competitive stance. A key concept in creating a bargaining position is that of commitment. The purpose of a commitment is to remove ambiguity about the actor’s intended course of action. There are several ways to create a commitment: public pronouncement, link with an outside ally, increase the promi nence of demands, reinforce the treat or promise. There are a set of hardball tactics to beat the other party. Such tactics are designed to pressure targeted parties to do things they would not otherwise do, and their presence usually disguises the user’s adherence to a decidedly distributive bargaining approach. Some of them are: good guy/bad guy, highball/lowball, bogey, the nibble, chicken, intimidation, aggressive behavior, snow job. The authors suggested three ways for responding to typical hardball tactics, including ignore them, discuss them and respond in kind. 5 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 4: Strategy and tactics of integrative negotiation In many negotiations there need not be winners and losers; all parties can be winner. In integrative negotiation- variously known as cooperative, collaborative, win-win, or problem solving- the goals of the parties are not mutually exclusive. The fundamental structure of an integrative negotiation situation is such that it allows both sides to achieve their objectives. Integrative negotiation requires a process fundamentally different from that of distributive negotiation. Those wishing to achieve integrative results find that they must manage both the context and the process of the negotiation in order to gain the willing cooperation and commitment of all parties. The following processes tend to be central to achieving almost all integrative agreements: ? creating a free flow of information ? ttempting to understand the other negotiator’s real needs and objectives ? emphasizing the commonalities between the parties and minimizing the difference ? searching for solutions that meet the goals and objectives of both sides There are four major steps in the integrative negotiation process: 1. Identifying and defining the problem, ? define the problem in a way that is mutually acceptable to both sides ? keep the problem statement clean and simple ? state the problem as a goal and identify the obstacles to attaining this goal ? epersonalize the problem ? separate the problem definition from the search for solution 2. understanding the problem and bringing interests and needs to the surface (focusing on interests will allow the parties to move beyond opening positions and demands to determine what the parties really want, what needs truly must be satisfied) 3. generating alternative solutions to the problem (tactics such as expand the pie, logroll, nonspecific compensation, cut the costs for compliance, find a bridge solution 4. Evaluating those alternatives and selecting among them ? narrow the range of solution options ? agree to the criteria in advance of evaluating options ? evaluate solutions on the basis of quality and acceptability ? be willing to justify personal preferences ? be alert to the influence of intangibles in selecting options ? use subgroups to evaluate complex issues ? take time out to cool off ? explore different ways to logroll ? keep decisions tentative and conditional until all aspects of the final proposals are complete ? inimize formality and record keeping until final agreements are closed Authors identified seven fundamental preconditions for successful integrative negotiation: some form of shared or common goal, faith in one’s own ability to solve problems, a belief in the validity and importance of the other’s position, the motivation and commitment to work together, trust in the opposing negotiator, the ability to accurately exchange information in spite of confl ict conditions, and an understanding of how the process works. 6 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 5: Communication, perception and cognitive biases Communication is at the heart of the negotiating process. This chapter focuses on the processes by which negotiators communicate their own interests, positions, and goals and in turn make sense of those of the other party and of the negotiation as a whole. Weather the intent is to command and compel, sell, persuade or gain commitment, how parties communicate in negotiation would seem to depend on the ability of the speaker to encode the thoughts properly as well as on the ability of the listener to understand and decode the intended messages. There are two critical sub-processes of communication: perception and cognition. ? Perception is defined as the process of screening, selecting and interpreting stimuli so that they have meaning to the individual. The complexity of environments makes it impossible to process all of the available information, so perception becomes selective, focusing on some stimuli while turning out others. As a result people have several shortcuts in their perceptual systems that allow them to process information more readily. Unfortunately these shortcuts come with cost-perceptual errors such as stereotyping, halo effects, selective perception or projectionswhich typically occur without people being aware that they are happening. Stimulus Attention Recognition Translation Behavior Perception ? Rather than being perfect processors of information, negotiators have a tendency to make systematic errors when they process information. These errors, labeled cognitive biases, tend to impede negotiator performance: the irrational escalation of commitment, mythical fixed pie belief, the process f anchoring and adjustment, issue and problem framing, negotiators overconfidence, the winner’s curse, self-serving biases, ignoring others’ cognitions, the law of small numbers and reactive devaluation. Failures and distortions in perception, cognition and communication are the most dominant contributors to breakdowns and failures in negotiations. Three main techniques have been proposed for improving communic ation in negotiation: the use of questions, listening and role reversal. 7 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 6: Finding and using negotiation leverage In this chapter, the authors focus on leverage in negotiation that means the tools negotiators can use to give themselves an advantage or increase the probability of achieving their own objectives. Leverage is often used synonymously with power. Authors explain three major sources of power: information and expertise, control over resources, and location in an organizational structure and then point to the process for using power as an attempt to change the other’s position, view or perspective. During negotiations, actors frequently need to convince each other, influence the other party’s positions, perceptions and opinions and for doing these they employ a group of tactics that are called persuasion. Authors consider four key elements of persuasion: ways in which sources of information can be powerful, ways in which messages can be structured to be more powerful, ways in which targets of persuasion can enhance or reduce their power and ways in which the elements in social context can exert indirect influence on the target. There are some ways in which to think about the key factors in the persuasion/ leverage process. One of them is shown in below figure. Message factors Resultant attitudes (positions) Initial attitudes (positions) ? Message content ? Message Structure ? Persuasive style Source factor ? Credibility ? Attractiveness Target factors ? attending to the other ? Resisting the other’s arguments Context factor Reciprocity, Commitment, Social proof, Use of reward and punishment, Scarcity Central Route Peripheral Route ? ? ? ? Message factors or ways in which he content of the message can be structured and presented to enhance its effectiveness Source factors or ways in which the sender of the message can enhance his or her credibility and attractiveness in order to make the message more believable or more friendly Receiver factors or ways in which the receiver of the message can either shape and direct what the sender is communicating or intellectually resist the persuasive effects of the message Context factors or elements inherent in the social structure (such as the relationship between the parties, the setting in which the message is sent or the amount time taken to communicate the message) that can determine whether a message is more or less likely to be received and complied with. There are at least three major things that you as the listener can do to resist the other’s influence efforts: have a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA), make a public commitment (or get the other pa rty to make one) and inoculate yourself against the other’s persuasive message. 8 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 7: Ethics in negotiation In this chapter authors explored the question of whether there are or should be accepted ethical standards for behavior in negotiation. Ethics are broadly applied social standards for what is right or wrong in a particular situation or a process for setting those standards. Ethics proceed from particular philosophies, which purport to (a) define the nature of the world in which we live and (b) prescribe rules for living together. The authors present a model to help explain how a negotiator decides whether to employ one or more deceptive tactics. Intentions and motives for using deceptive tactics Consequences: 1. Impact of tactic: does it work? 2. Self-evaluation 3. Feedback and reaction from other negotiator, constituency and audiences Influence Situation Identification of range of influence tactics Selection and use of a deceptive tactic Explanation and Justification Deception and disguise may take several forms in negotiation as follows: misrepresentation of one’s position to another party, bluffing, falsification (introduction of factually erroneous information), deception (collection of true and/or untrue arguments that leads the other party to the wrong conclusion) and selective disclosure or misrepresentation to constituencies. The authors predicted that (1) when motivated to be competitive and when expecting the other to be competitive the negotiator would see the marginally ethical tactics as appropriate and (2) when both parties were competitively motivated they would exhibit the greatest tendency to employ marginally ethical tactics. From the negotiator’s perspective the primary motivation to use a deceptive tactic is to gain a temporary power advantage. Using these tactics then produces consequences: the tactic may work (produce desired results) or not work; people evaluate their own use of the tactics( asking themselves if they were satisfied with the results, and if using the tactic was personally acceptable) and people also may receive evaluative comments from the other negotiator from constituencies and from audiences. Those evaluative comments may serve to increase or decrease the use of similar tactics in the future. If using the tactic allows negotiators to attain rewarding outcomes that would be unavailable to them if they behaved ethically and if the unethical conduct is not punished by others the frequency of unethical conduct is likely to increase because the negotiator believes he or she can get away with it. Negotiators frequently overlook the fact that although unethical or expedient tactics may get them what they want in the short run these same tactics typically lead to diminished effectiveness in the long term. (Consequences of these tactics on the negotiator’s reputation and trustworthiness, other party retaliation and revenge) If negotiators think the other party is using deceptive tactics he/she can do the following acts: Ask probing questions and recognize the tactic. 9 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 8: Global negotiation In this chapter authors examined various aspects of a growing field of negotiation that explores the complexities of negotiating across borders. Negotiators from different cultures (countries) use different negotiation strategies and communication patterns when negotiating intra-culturally than when negotiating cross-culturally. Two overall contexts have an influence on cross border negotiations: the environmental context, includes forces in the environment that are beyond the control of either party but that influence the negotiations, and immediate context, includes factors over which the negotiators have influence and some measure of control. To know more cultures, Hofstede suggested that there are four important dimensions that can be used to describe cultural differences: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity and uncertainty avoidance. Foster suggests that culture can influence global negations in several ways, including: the definition of negotiation, the selection of negotiators, protocol, communication, time, risk propensity, groups versus individuals and the nature of agreements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how to manage cultural differences when negotiating across borders. Weiss presented the options that people have when negotiating with someone from other culture. According to him, when choosing a strategy, negotiators should be aware of their own and the other party’s cultures in general, understand the specific factors in the current relationship, and predict or try to influence the other party’s approach. His suggested responsive strategies may be arranged into three groups, base on familiarity (low, moderate, high) that a negotiator has with the other party’s culture. Within each group there are some strategies that the negotiator may use individually (unilateral strategies) and others that involve the participation of the other party (joint strategies). Low familiarity ? Employ agents or advisors (unilateral Strategy) ? bring in a mediator ? Induce the other party to use your approach Moderate familiarity ? Adapt to the other party’s approach ? Coordinate adjustment High familiarity ? Embrace the other party’s approach ? Improvise an approach ? Effect symphony 10 Book Summary Assignment Essentials of Negotiation Chapter 9: Managing difficult negotiations: individual approaches Through any number of different avenues – breakdowns in communication, escalation of anger and mistrust, polarization of positions and refusal to compromise, the issuance of ultimatums or simply the inability to invent options that are satisfactory to both sides – negotiations often hit an impasse. Productive dialogue stops. The parties may continue talking but the communication is usually characterized by trying to sell or force one’s own position, talking about other’s unreasonable position and uncooperative behavior or both. This chapter reviewed actions that the parties can take to return to a productive dialogue. In general there are five major conflict reduction strategies that can be applied in contentious situations: 1. Reducing tension and managing the de-escalation of hostility (via methods such as tension release, acknowledgment of the other’s feelings (active listening), separating the parties, synchronized de-escalation) 2. Enhancing communication, particularly improving each party’s understanding of the other’s perspective (via methods such as role reversal or imaging) 3. Controlling the number and size of issues in the discussion ? Reduce the number of parties on each side ? control the number of substantive issues involved ? state issues in concrete terms rather than as general principles ? restrict the precedents involved, both procedural and substantive ? search for ways to fractionate the big issues ? depersonalize issues: separate them from the parties advocating them 4. Establishing a common ground on which the parties can find a basis for agreement (via methods such as determining super ordinate goals, clarifying common enemies, agreement on the rules and procedures) 5. Enhancing the desirability of the options and alternatives that each party presents to the other (give the other party a â€Å"yes-able† proposal, ask for a different decision, sweeten the offer rather than intensify the threat, use legitimacy or objective criteria to evaluate solutions) The order of above steps is the one most frequently used by third parties in resolving disputes and hence we believe it also will be the most effective if employed by negotiators themselves. If the conflict cannot be controlled effectively, third-party intervention may become necessary. 11

Should the Government Regulate the Internet More Strictly

Tittle: Should the government regulate the Internet more strictly Should the government regulate the Internet more strictly? It is no exaggeration to say that the Internet has changed the world. Today, we can get all kinds of information from around the world through the Internet and life in the world easy to communicate with others. Therefore, the Internet seems to be at first glance dream tool. However, the Internet is not always a bright side. It can be harmful, when we use it and little care. Therefore, it should be better for the government to control the Internet.From my opinion, there are few ways here that government should regulate the internet more strictly. Firstly, the number of crimes on the Internet at breakneck speed is increase in the past few years. For example, we sometimes encounter some fraud when we do some shopping on the Internet. In this case, we are doing procurement and they do not sent to the buyer, although the money has been sent to the seller. This is ve ry difficult to track down criminals, because we have almost no criminals, who they are, what they do, even where they live we also don’t know.If we use the Internet for online shopping, our credit card number is stolen, then the money in our bank account may be used up. Using the Internet to do our personal information is not safe, especially those important document. In fact, when we surf the Web, reading e-mail, download software, even with our friends, is called a hidden program, Trojan chat, can send to our computer without our knowing. It will steal and transfer all the information that we already save. After that, this person may make use of it to others. Nguyen Long Quoc, 2008) Secondly, the Government should review the information on the Internet that is more stringent. In reality, we can find out a lot of illegal work, such as music, movies, or books on the Internet. Shall be strictly controlled, or who owns the copyright and intellectual property rights because of this serious damage. Between that, pornography is a drawback of the Internet also. This is a very serious problem, especially when it comes to children. There are thousands of pornographic sites on the Internet can easily be found.This kind of site is very harmful to the child, and likely to incite them to take action, on the other sex. According to researchers Jennings Bryant about 600 junior high school aged men and women, 31% male and 18% of women admitted to actually do some things that they see pornography. In addition, a recent study shows that, often exposed to pornography may lead to children's participation in disease, addiction and unplanned pregnancy, the adverse effects of the mental life of children. (Nguyen Long Quoc, 2008) Lastly, we must be careful to computer viruses when we on the Internet.Some people do the purpose of computer viruses; they spread out on the Internet. Once these viruses infect our computers, they destroy some of the information or even the compute r itself. These kind of criminals also difficult to find out, so we must rely on government help to prevent these viruses. The virus is just a program; it would disrupt the normal operation of our computer system. Computer connected to the Internet is more vulnerable to virus attacks; they can go to our computer slowing down, destruction of data and our entire hard drive crashes to an end.Maybe we here at least, no matter how hard we tried to stop them to use some anti-virus program on infected computers from viruses. Therefore, we should clearly know that they cause bad damage, but also inevitable. In conclusion, the Internet can have some bad effects toward us, such as unsafe personal information, the impact of pornography on children's mental life, and virus threats. However, this does not mean that we should not use the Internet. It is difficult to imagine without the internet in our lives. We should only need to be more careful, every time we use the internet.Nowadays, although internet is good or convenient to us but we still have to beware of it because sometimes it will bring harms to us. There should be more government control of the Internet. Although the Internet has made that we might live a better life, it can be bad for us, unless it is properly controlled. SOURCES Grace Smith. (2007). More government control of the internet? Available: http://sky. geocities. jp/c1304015takeshi/C3_56. htm. Last accessed 17th July 2012. Nguyen Long Quoc. (2008). disadvantages of the Internet. Available:

Efficient Building Services

EFFICIENT Building Services Introduction The freshly constructed T2 Inspection Facility is located within Dubai’s Jebel Ali Port‘s Container Terminal 2. The edifice has five chief installations including particular review installation, detained stuff warehouse, Canis familiaris pace, usage review installation, and municipality review installation. The edifice was completed in the twelvemonth April 2013. The review installation is used for general review of lading come ining or go forthing the state. It has a 1.35-meter steel platform from the finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with a hinged lab isolation platform ( LIP ) concrete incline. The installation has hot rolled subdivisions with aluminum roof cladding scaling a tallness of 8.15 metre. Besides, the review installation has an opaque aluminum fencing around it with a tallness of 2 metres from the top of the platform. The detained stuff installation is to keep stuffs illicitly transported through the airdrome. The detained stuff warehouse occupied the land and first floors. It has a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for office country. The floor and wall tiles in wet countries have sixty square inch ceiling. Internal wall are painted with washable emulsion pigment for easiness in cleansing. Like the review installation, it has a platform with a tallness of 1.35 metre from finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with hinged LIP platform size concrete incline and concrete stairss. It besides has steel construction with a built up country of 732.0 m2and entire tallness of 9.20 metre, hot rolled subdivisions with aluminum roof facing and vision panels at roof. Besides, the installation has a hydraulic lift and steel stairway to ease entree to the edifice. The installation has a block walls for office, larder and lavatories. The Canis familiaris pace has a built up country of 65.70 m2and entire tallness of 5.35 metre. It has a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries with 60 square inches ceiling tiles. The floor and wall tiles for wet countries have sixty square inches H2O opposition ceiling tiles. The internal walls are coated with washable emulsion pigment while the exterior lifts and sunning zones are coated with epoxy pigment. The imposts review installation has a 1.35-meter platform from finish floor degree associated with dock leveler with hinged LIP platform size and concrete inclines. The installation has an office edifice with a built up country of 515 m2and entire tallness of 5.4 metre with hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. The floors have a medium coating with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries the same size as the other installations ( 60 square inches ) . Wet countries have H2O immune tiles. The installation has block walls with washable emulsion pigment for internal walls. To heighten the lighting of the edifice, the roof has aluminium cladding with vision panels. The municipality review facility’s office edifice has a built up country of 800 m2and entire tallness of 5.0 metre. It has hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. Medium finish with ceramic flooring tiles for dry countries with 60X60 false ceiling tiles, floor & A ; wall tiles for wet countries with 60X60 H2O opposition false ceiling tiles. It besides has block walls with washable emulsion pigment for internal walls. Main installations offered in the edifice Electrical system The edifice has a substation providing low electromotive force electricity into the edifice. It has one low electromotive force panel with seven Sub Main Distribution Boards. The system has on capacitance bank and eight poles light. It besides has backup generator for supplying electricity in times of breaks in brinies electricity. The electrical plants comply with the ordinances of Dubai Electricity and Water Authority ( DEWA ) ordinances. The edifice has particular LED lighting through all its installations that complies with CIBSE criterions. The country around the edifice has 30-Meter high masts that light the full location. The masts are equipped with adjustable metal halide visible radiations. Besides, the masts have supports on the lantern ring for IT entree point and security cameras. The edifice besides has power, telephone and information web canals that serve the building’s needs. The electrical canals step 150mm, telephone steps 100 millimeter, informations canals measure 100mm while security camera ducts step 100mm. Notably, power, and telephone and information web connexions to all installations in conformity with criterions laid down by the governments. Air conditioning and airing The edifice has a functional air airing system that complies with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ( ASHRAE ) . All stuffs used in the edifice were sourced from certified makers. The stuffs comply with international specifications. The edifice is fitted with air conditioning equipment complete with window and wall fumes canals. The system has an automatic shutter to maximise the indoor air quality. The bringing pipes are made of insulated Cu. The refrigerating pipes run on the roof and have a metal covered tray to cut down heat addition from the environment. The air conditioning in the edifice comprises of 2 fresh air-handling units and 13 fumes fans. The system besides has a cosmetic split unit. A thermoregulator separates the split unit and the fresh air-handling unit. The FAHU runs continuously but is times to close down after having a fire dismay signal. The FAHU has an outside air and fumes dampers that remains unfastened when the system is running. These dampers stop four seconds after the supply fan Michigans. The AC system in the edifice can present a broad temperature scope with comparative easiness of accommodation. The system besides occupies small infinite largely in the ceiling. The system’s heat recovery option besides conserves energy good as it recovers most of the heat from exhaust pipes. However, dehumidification in these systems is non as efficient given that the edifice is near a big H2O organic structure. The system is besides comparatively expensive compared to other systems and necessitate expensive care over clip. It is besides comparatively noisy ( Huchtemann & A ; Muller, 2014, p.23 ) . Mechanical specification of the air conditioning The air status is designed to let for DE system. This is to let the grading of the air conditioning system to cover more room in instance of enlargement or alteration of internal design. In add-on, the air conditioning system supplies treated fresh air to all suites. The exhaust pipes will hold a heat recovery mechanism to retrieve heat from the exhaust air in cold times. The Inspection bays besides have hall have air conditioning and air drapes to maximise user experience. The detained stuff warehouse has forced airing to coerce air deep into the installation ( Joo & A ; Liu, 2001 ) . Water supply and drainage The edifice has equal fresh H2O supply to all its floors. In add-on, the edifice has three Grass Reinforced Panel keeping armored combat vehicles with a set of electrical pumps. The armored combat vehicles store as much H2O as possible for usage in times of deficit. Water is heated utilizing 14 H2O warmers situated at assorted locations in the supply system. Storm H2O is drained through 22 soak ways designed to suit as much H2O as possible. The soak ways are designed in a aslant place to let for easy flow of H2O into the chief drain. Fire system The edifice has an belowground fire pipe system that is lined by cement. The pips are coated with bitumen and are made of malleable Fe in line with American Water Works Association criterions ( AWWA ) . The edifice has an A/G RCC H2O armored combat vehicle to hive away H2O as required by the relevant ordinances. In add-on, the TSE irrigation pipe extends from bing pipes from the next secret plan. Ramps, stairwaies and Elevators The edifice has luxuriant entree installations including inclines, stairwaies and lifts. These are stationed at strategic topographic points in the edifice to ease entree to the other degrees ( Allen & A ; Iano, 2008 ) . Most of the entree paths in the edifice are through inclines and stairwaies. However, lifts are available for usage unit of ammunition the clock and are powered by electrical motors. They contribute well to electrical ingestion in the edifice. Other Systems The edifice has a assortment of systems that increase the edifices atmosphere including exigency lighting, telephone systems, informations lines, photocopiers and other office machinery. These systems enhance the usage of the edifice including disposal and review services. These public-service corporations consume an estimated 5 % of the edifices electricity. Administration Command Center The edifice has a cardinal bid centre. This electronic platform integrates communicating and control system in the full edifice to a cardinal location for easiness in commanding and communicating ( Indraganti, et al. , 2014 ; Shah, Prajapti & A ; Patel, 2012, p.10 ) . The Centre ensures that activities in the assorted operational units are coordinated and incase of an exigency, the proper safety steps are implemented. The halfway Acts of the Apostless as a cardinal mention point for the direction of people, induction off procedures and direction of the systems. The system reduces running costs as a little staff staffs the cardinal bid. In peculiar, the bid centre manages the low electromotive force power systems, metering systems and security systems in the company. The centre besides oversees the smooth flow of operations among the assorted runing units of the terminus. Most significantly, the centre undertakes everyday preventative and disciplinary care processs to cut down possibi lity of accidents and malfunctions. Technical restrictions of the edifice The terminal 2 edifice was commissioned in 2013. The edifice boasts extremist modern installations and a beautiful coating. Compared to other edifices, the terminal 2 edifice has a better design and is more suitable for comfy usage and life. Most of the air and H2O supply canals are insulated to cut down energy loss o the environment. However, there are a figure of restrictions in its design and systems. To get down with, the edifice is non energy efficient. Energy costs of running the edifice are high. These include lighting and air conditioning. The design did non take into history factors such as possibility of natural illuming during daylight to salvage on energy costs. In add-on, the detained warehouse installation has a limited infinite and needs a batch of air circulation ensuing in monolithic usage of electricity ( Bonda & A ; Sosnowchik, 2007, p.31 ) . In add-on, the edifice did non use equal green engineerings in the building and care of edifice installations. For case, the edifice uses electrical H2O warmers alternatively of tapping solar energy that is abundant in Dubai ( Nunnelly, 2008 ; Thomas, Zimmerman & A ; Ott, 2011, p.14 ; Kats, et al. , 2008 ; Huchtemann & A ; Muller, 2014 ) . Decision The T2 edifice was completed in the 2013 and has five chief installations including particular review installation, detained stuff warehouse, Canis familiaris pace, usage review installation, and municipality review installation. The review installation is used for general review of lading come ining or go forthing the state and has a tallness of 8.15 metre. The detained stuff installation holds stuffs illicitly transported through the airdrome and occupies the land and first floors. The Canis familiaris pace has a built up country of 65.70 m2and entire tallness of 5.35 metre and is used a meat for sniffer Canis familiariss. The imposts review has an office edifice with a built up country of 515 m2and entire tallness of 5.4 metre with hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete slab. The municipality review facility’s office edifice has a built up country of 800 m2and entire tallness of 5.0 metre. It has hot rolled subdivisions with strengthened concrete ( Lee & A ; Gue rin, 2010 ) . The edifice has equal supply of fresh H2O to all its floors complete with storage armored combat vehicles. However, while the edifice boasts extremist modern installations and a beautiful coating, it lags behind modern design in energy preservation. The energy costs of running the edifice are high including lighting, warming and air conditioning. The design failed to see usage of natural illuming during daylight to salvage on energy costs. In add-on, the edifice uses electrical H2O warmers alternatively of tapping solar energy that is abundant in Dubai. Mentions Joo, I. , Liu, M. ( 2001 ) . Performance Analysis of Dual-Fan, Dual-Duct Constant Volume Air Handling Units. Cover Art:1stInternational Conference for EnhancedConstructing Operations- ICEBOTexas A & A ; M University. 16-19 July. Accessed 9 February 2012 from the nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //repository.tamu.edu Nunnelly, R. ( 2008 ) . Design or operations issue? .Engineered System.Vol. 1. ( 1 ) :13. Shah, P. , Prajapti, D. Patel, M. ( 2012 ) . Overview of industrial filtration engineering and its applications.Indian Journal of Science and Technology[ online ] . Vol. 3. ( 10 ) . Thomas, Z. , Zimmerman, M. , Ott, A. ( 2011 ) . Next-Generation Building Energy Management Systems and Implications for Electricity Markets.U.S. Departmentof EnergyVol. 1. ( 14 ) . Accessed 9 February 2012 from the nexus hypertext transfer protocol: //www.osti.gov/bridge Bonda, P. , Sosnowchik, K. ( 2007 ) .Sustainable commercial indoor. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Kats, G. , Alevantis, L. , Berman, A. , Mills, E. , Perlman, J. ( 2008 ) The Cost and Financial Benefits of Green Buildings. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc. Allen, E. , Iano, J. ( 2008 ) . Fundamentalss of constructing building: stuffs and methods. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc. Lee, Y. , Guerin, D. ( 2010 ) . 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